Anim Biosci > Volume 30(5); 2017 > Article |
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Ingredient | Diets | ||
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Starter | Grower | Finisher | |
Physical composition | |||
Yellow corn, ground | 45.77 | 52.53 | 60.72 |
Soybean meal | 34.94 | 35.20 | 29.10 |
Corn gluten meal | 6.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Vegetable oil1) | 7.23 | 6.99 | 5.32 |
Molasses, cane | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Limestone, ground | 1.40 | 1.35 | 1.29 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.75 | 1.20 | 0.96 |
Common salt | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.27 |
DL-Methionine2) | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
Minerals and vitamins premix3) | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Chemical composition | |||
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) | 3,204 | 3,203 | 3,201 |
Dry matter | 91.45 | 91.18 | 90.83 |
Crude protein | 23.03 | 20.06 | 18.01 |
Methionine | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.32 |
Methionine+Cystine | 0.90 | 0.72 | 0.62 |
Lysine | 1.12 | 1.08 | 0.93 |
Ether extract | 9.52 | 9.38 | 7.87 |
Crude fiber | 3.05 | 3.13 | 2.92 |
Calcium | 1.04 | 0.90 | 0.81 |
Phosphorus, available | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.30 |
Sodium | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.12 |
3) Poultry mineral and vitamin premix (Avimix, Agri – Vet Company, Egypt): each 3 kg contains vitamin A, 12,000,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000,000 IU; vitamin E, 10,000 mg; vitamin K3, 2,000 mg; vitamin B1, 1,000 mg, vitamin B2, 5,000 mg; vitamin B6, 1,500 mg; vitamin B12, 10 mg; biotin, 50 mg; pantothenic acid, 10,000 mg; nicotinic acid, 30,000 mg; folic acid, 1,000 mg, choline chloride, 250,000 mg; Mn, 60,000 mg; Zn, 50,000 mg; Fe, 30,000 mg; Cu, 10,000 mg; I, 1,000 mg; Se, 100 mg; Co, 100 mg; and calcium carbonate up to 3 kg.
Age in weeks | Trial I (Ad libitum feeding) | Trial II (Restricted feeding) | ||||||
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Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | |
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
0 | 46.27±0.58Aa | 46.40±0.58Aa | 47.08±0.59Aa | 46.68±0.58Aa | 46.55±0.66Aa | 45.69±0.82Aa | 45.32±0.680Aa | 46.39±0.68Aa |
1 | 122.23±4.60Aa | 120.00±3.85Aa | 125.28±3.37Aa | 125.39±4.14Aa | 125.18±3.49Aa | 125.73±2.99Aa | 124.64±3.15Aa | 126.71±3.28Aa |
2 | 345.08±8.89Aa | 342.52±8.69Aa | 340.16±8.41Aa | 372.93±11.84Ab | 340.48±11.11Aa | 358.00±6.07Aa | 343.00±8.78Aa | 345.04±6.37Aa |
3 | 757.69±10.23Ba | 746.28±10.89Ba | 746.64±7.84B | 804.93±14.99Cb | 661.63±14.73Aa | 704.85±10.69Ba | 684.50±14.45ABa | 691.64±10.20ABa |
4 | 979.43±18.09Ca | 999.86±19.22Ca | 977.32±13.60Ca | 1103.80±19.78Db | 834.42±14.42Aa | 905.69±12.13Bc | 885.08±10.68ABab | 867.60±15.02ABab |
5 | 1,275.65±16.74Da | 1,406.64±16.20Eb | 1,312.01±13.12Da | 1525.16±19.86Fc | 1,034.62±14.49Aa | 1,184.00±16.79Cc | 1,117.32±15.14Bb | 1,137.64±16.97Bb |
6 | 1,590.22±15.97Ca | 1,898.18±12.37Ec | 1,689.73±13.76Db | 2,014.60±18.23Fd | 1,287.37±25.26Aa | 1,619.57±18.62Cd | 1,468.24±19.41Bb | 1,559.40±19.61Bc |
7 | 1,885.69±23.19Ba | 2,354.40±19.16Dc | 2,021.27±30.43Cb | 2,484.89±19.90Ed | 1,533.00±34.06Aa | 2,024.51±30.11Cc | 1,796.88±22.69Bab | 1,942.53±31.39Bc |
8 | 2,171.31±32.51Ba | 2,774.47±27.83Dc | 2,344.00±33.96Cb | 2,907.22±26.11Ed | 1,748.06±23.39Aa | 2,414.84±27.89Cc | 2,107.88±30.11Bb | 2,324.94±34.62Cc |
Parameters | Trial I (Ad libitum feeding) | Trial II (Restricted feeding) | ||||||
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Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | |
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Starter phase (0–3 wk) | ||||||||
Weight gain (g) | 711.42±11.28Ca | 699.88±10.77Ca | 699.56±7.92Ca | 758.25±14.87Db | 615.08±14.99Aa | 659.16±10.76Ba | 639.18±12.31ABa | 645.25±10.22ABa |
Feed intake (g) | 997.84 | 820.69 | 910.29 | 872.43 | 776.88 | 742.33 | 757.41 | 715.16 |
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) | 1.40 | 1.17 | 1.30 | 1.15 | 1.26 | 1.13 | 1.18 | 1.11 |
Mortality rate (%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Feed cost (LE/kg) | 3.92 | 3.95 | 4.08 | 4.02 | 3.92 | 3.95 | 4.08 | 4.02 |
Feed cost of production (LE/kg) | 5.49 | 4.62 | 5.30 | 4.62 | 4.94 | 4.46 | 4.81 | 4.46 |
Grower phase (3–6 wk) | ||||||||
Weight gain (g) | 832.53±17.69BCa | 1,151.90±14.01Ec | 943.09±15.70Db | 1,209.67±26.43Ed | 625.74±27.12Aa | 914.72±25.04Bc | 783.74±22.01Bb | 867.76±24.39Cc |
Feed intake (g) | 1,521.46 | 1,936.08 | 1,665.89 | 1,951.65 | 1,103.98 | 1,478.15 | 1,311.60 | 1,374.52 |
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) | 1.83 | 1.68 | 1.77 | 1.61 | 1.76 | 1.62 | 1.67 | 1.58 |
Mortality rate (%) | 3.33 | 3.33 | 6.67 | 6.67 | - | 3.33 | 6.67 | - |
Feed cost (LE/kg) | 3.57 | 3.59 | 3.64 | 3.62 | 3.57 | 3.59 | 3.64 | 3.62 |
Feed cost of production (LE/kg) | 6.53 | 6.03 | 6.44 | 5.83 | 6.28 | 5.82 | 6.08 | 5.72 |
Finisher phase (6–8 wk) | ||||||||
Weight gain (g) | 581.09±37.05Ba | 876.29±37.80Ec | 654.27±41.52Cb | 892.62±29.28Fc | 460.69±28.97Aa | 795.27±33.36Dc | 639.64±23.39Cb | 765.54±32.90CDc |
Feed intake (g) | 1,604.05 | 1,874.68 | 1,601.00 | 1,872.40 | 1,028.86 | 1,568.83 | 1,308.62 | 1,462.12 |
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) | 2.76 | 2.14 | 2.45 | 2.10 | 2.23 | 1.97 | 2.05 | 1.91 |
Mortality rate (%) | - | 3.45 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Feed cost (LE/kg) | 3.26 | 3.29 | 3.30 | 3.30 | 3.26 | 3.29 | 3.30 | 3.30 |
Feed cost of production (LE/kg) | 9.00 | 7.04 | 8.09 | 6.93 | 7.27 | 6.48 | 6.77 | 6.30 |
The overall period (0–8 wk) | ||||||||
Weight gain (g) | 2,125.04±34.65BCa | 2,728.07±27.94Fc | 2,296.92±26.68Cb | 2,860.54±26.21Gd | 1,701.51±23.67Aa | 2,369.15±28.12Ed | 2,062.56±30.22Bb | 2,278.55±34.68Dc |
Feed intake (g) | 4,123.35 | 4,631.45 | 4,177.18 | 4,696.48 | 2,909.72 | 3,789.31 | 3,377.63 | 3,551.80 |
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) | 1.94 | 1.70 | 1.82 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.60 | 1.64 | 1.56 |
Mortality rate (%) | 3.33 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 6.67 | - | 3.33 | 6.67 | - |
Total feed cost (LE/total gain)1) | 14.58 | 16.35 | 15.07 | 16.72 | 10.32 | 13.41 | 12.17 | 12.66 |
Feed cost of production (LE/kg) | 6.86 | 5.99 | 6.56 | 5.85 | 6.07 | 5.66 | 5.90 | 5.56 |
Parameters | Trial I (Ad libitum feeding) | Trial II (Restricted feeding) | ||||||
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Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | |
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Starter phase | ||||||||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.05±0.44Aa | 15.05±0.27Aa | 14.34±0.69Aa | 15.60±0.53Aa | 13.76±0.54Aa | 14.34±0.69Aa | 13.74±0.23Aa | 13.95±0.33Aa |
Packed cell volume (%) | 30.91±0.96Aa | 33.14±0.62Aa | 31.56±1.48Aa | 34.48±1.12Aa | 30.62±0.55Aa | 31.58±1.52Aa | 30.26±0.53Aa | 30.63±0.78Aa |
Total protein (g/dL) | 2.86±0.21Aa | 2.99±0.14Aa | 2.84±0.15Aa | 2.98±0.13Aa | 2.52±0.10Aa | 2.70±0.09Aa | 2.66±0.11Aa | 2.75±0.16Aa |
Albumin (g/dL) | 1.46±0.14Aa | 1.60±0.11Aa | 1.61±0.03Aa | 1.68±0.04Aa | 1.47±0.09Aa | 1.51±0.10Aa | 1.47±0.04Aa | 1.52±0.05Aa |
Globulin (g/dL) | 1.40±0.10Aa | 1.39±0.03Aa | 1.23±0.11Aa | 1.30±0.09Aa | 1.05±0.03Aa | 1.19±0.1Aa | 1.19±0.06Aa | 1.23±0.05Aa |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 241.33±4.81Aa | 248.33±16.01Aa | 237.67±5.24Aa | 236.67±10.13Aa | 221.00±4.93Aa | 221.33±7.31Aa | 215.33±10.84Aa | 217.67±12.41Aa |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 132.67±11.05Aa | 129.16±3.69Aa | 123.33±11.47Aa | 120.33±4.67Aa | 121.34±11.20Aa | 121.33±12.68Aa | 118.33±7.51Aa | 116.67±9.53Aa |
Grower phase | ||||||||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.28±0.26Aa | 15.81±0.34Aa | 15.07±0.44Aa | 16.21±0.79Aa | 13.92±0.25Aa | 14.80±0.44Aa | 14.22±0.23Aa | 14.5±0.58Aa |
Packed cell volume (%) | 33.62±0.57Aa | 34.78±0.61Aa | 33.25±0.88Aa | 35.46±1.68Aa | 31.08±1.31Aa | 32.62±1.24Aa | 31.27±0.53Aa | 31.86±1.32Aa |
Total protein (g/dL) | 3.05±0.09Aa | 3.26±0.12Aa | 3.04±0.12Aa | 3.31±0.05Aa | 2.69±0.13Aa | 3.09±0.31Aa | 3.02±0.16Aa | 3.21±0.19Aa |
Albumin (g/dL) | 1.78±0.04Aa | 1.93±0.21Aa | 1.86±0.20Aa | 1.99±0.07Aa | 1.70±0.17Aa | 1.80±0.12Aa | 1.78±0.28Aa | 1.85±0.07Aa |
Globulin (g/dL) | 1.27±0.06Aa | 1.33±0.10Aa | 1.18±0.08Aa | 1.32±0.02Aa | 0.99±0.04Aa | 1.29±0.13Aa | 1.24±0.12Aa | 1.36±0.23Aa |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 245.0±5.57Aa | 269.33±20.28Aa | 247.0±10.69Aa | 252.33±9.95Aa | 232.0±8.39Aa | 240.67±7.88Aa | 234.33±13.78Aa | 237.0±8.96Aa |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 141.67±11.72Aa | 136.00±10.26Aa | 133.0±8.72Aa | 130.67±13.62Aa | 124.67±8.45Aa | 125.67±11.05Aa | 119.33±9.39Aa | 119.33±5.81Aa |
Finisher phase | ||||||||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 16.20±0.41Aa | 17.03±0.33Aa | 16.40±0.27Aa | 17.57±0.96Aa | 15.38±0.65Aa | 16.89±0.38Aa | 16.42±0.38Aa | 16.57±0.33Aa |
Packed cell volume (%) | 35.64±0.89Aa | 37.56±0.69Aa | 36.02±0.55Aa | 37.95±1.02Aa | 33.53±0.37Aa | 37.15±0.86Ab | 35.98±0.70Ab | 36.44±0.67Ab |
Total protein (g/dL) | 3.52±0.05Aa | 3.72±0.24Aa | 3.61±0.21Aa | 3.91±0.18Aa | 3.16±0.40Aa | 3.55±0.28Aa | 3.53±0.42Aa | 3.65±0.27Aa |
Albumin (g/dL) | 1.95±0.05Aa | 2.18±0.19Aa | 2.04±0.14Aa | 2.49±0.26Aa | 1.76±0.13Aa | 2.05±0.17Aa | 1.98±0.17Aa | 2.09±0.12Aa |
Globulin (g/dL) | 1.57±0.02Aa | 1.54±0.07Aa | 1.57±0.07Aa | 1.42±0.15Aa | 1.40±0.02Aa | 1.50±0.16Aa | 1.55±0.26Aa | 1.56±0.12Aa |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 269.33±7.17Aa | 290.33±15.60Aa | 270.33±13.78Aa | 281.67±34.59Aa | 254.33±12.72Aa | 274.67±21.83Aa | 262.0±15.50Aa | 263.0±11.79Aa |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.33±11.55Aa | 152.33±10.48Aa | 148.33±4.33Aa | 138.0±5.51Aa | 132.67±12.14Aa | 126.67±6.74Aa | 123.34±16.76Aa | 122.67±13.24Aa |
Character (%) | Trial I (Ad libitum feeding) | Trial II (Restricted feeding) | ||||||
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Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | Control | Probiotic | Prebiotic | Synbiotic | |
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Grower phase | ||||||||
Dressing value | 69.36±0.88Aa | 70.99±0.39Aa | 70.70±0.32Aa | 71.63±1.16Aa | 69.11±0.86Aa | 69.69±0.18Aa | 69.60±0.43Aa | 69.91±0.97Aa |
Liver | 2.77±0.09Ba | 2.82±0.06Ba | 2.74±0.02Ba | 2.85±0.06Ba | 2.15±0.03Aa | 3.11±0.03Cc | 2.75±0.01Bb | 3.14±0.01Cc |
Gizzard and proventriculus | 2.47±0.03Aa | 2.72±0.17ABCab | 2.89±0.04CDb | 2.79±0.03BCDb | 2.58±0.07ABa | 3.03±0.04Db | 3.14±0.03Db | 3.08±0.04Eb |
Heart | 0.72±0.03Aa | 0.66±0.02Aa | 0.69±0.01Aa | 0.70±0.02Aa | 0.65±0.02Aa | 0.71±0.02Ab | 0.74±0.01Ab | 0.82±0.02Ac |
Spleen | 0.09±0.06Aa | 0.20±0.01Cb | 0.20±0.01Cb | 0.20±0.01Cb | 0.15±0.01Ba | 0.16±0.01Ba | 0.15±0.01Ba | 0.17±0.01Ca |
Bursa of fabricius | 0.09±0.01Aa | 0.13±0.01Ab | 0.12±0.00Ab | 0.13±0.01Ab | 0.10±0.00Aa | 0.13±0.01Aa | 0.13±0.00Aa | 0.15±0.01Aa |
Small intestine | 3.51±0.03Aa | 3.52±0.02Aa | 3.50±0.01Aa | 3.64±0.26 ABa | 3.67±0.01ABa | 3.89±0.04BCc | 3.79±0.01ABCb | 4.07±0.01Cd |
Two caeca | 0.48±0.00Aa | 0.47±0.02Aa | 0.62±0.01Cb | 0.73±0.01Dc | 0.52±0.03ABa | 0.54±0.01ABa | 0.65±0.02Cb | 0.74±0.03Dc |
Visible fat1) | 2.30±0.16Cb | 1.20±0.03Ba | 0.94±0.25ABa | 1.07±0.01Ba | 1.18±0.01Bc | 0.98±0.03ABb | 0.67±0.08Aa | 0.87±0.02ABb |
Finisher phase | ||||||||
Dressing value | 71.71±1.33Aa | 73.72±0.79Aa | 73.75±1.49Aa | 73.99±0.80Aa | 70.13±1.64Aa | 72.57±1.66Aa | 72.03±0.26Aa | 72.94±0.69Aa |
Liver | 2.26±0.02Aa | 2.51±0.06BCb | 2.33±0.02Aa | 2.59±0.01Cb | 2.30±0.01Aa | 2.54±0.01Cc | 2.45±0.01Bb | 2.66±0.02Dd |
Gizzard and proventriculus | 2.30±0.02Ba | 2.30±0.02Ba | 2.47±0.01Cb | 2.35±0.03Ba | 2.32±0.04Ba | 2.32±0.02Aa | 2.53±0.04Cb | 2.46±0.02Db |
Heart | 0.87±0.01Ad | 0.67±0.01Aa | 0.81±0.02Ac | 0.71±0.00Ab | 0.78±0.03Aa | 0.73±0.02Aa | 0.79±0.02Aa | 0.77±0.01Aa |
Spleen | 0.13±0.01Aa | 0.15±0.01ABa | 0.15±0.01ABa | 0.17±0.01ABa | 0.15±0.01ABa | 0.18±0.01ABa | 0.17±0.01ABa | 0.22±0.02Ca |
Bursa of fabricius | 0.06±0.01Aa | 0.08±0.01Aa | 0.08±0.01Aa | 0.09±0.00Aa | 0.06±0.00Aa | 0.07±0.00Aa | 0.06±0.00Aa | 0.07±0.00Aa |
Small intestine | 2.56±0.02Aa | 2.61±0.07Aa | 2.58±0.02Aa | 2.79±0.01Ba | 2.57±0.06Aa | 2.58±0.03Aa | 2.57±0.03Aa | 2.79±0.05Ba |
Two caeca | 0.44 ±0.03Aa | 0.49±0.02Aab | 0.54±0.00ABb | 0.66±0.03Dc | 0.57±0.02Ca | 0.56±0.01Ca | 0.57±0.01Ca | 0.59±0.01Ca |
Visible fat1) | 2.64±0.01Fd | 2.12±0.01Ec | 0.96±0.05Ba | 1.71±0.06Db | 1.49±0.09Cb | 0.75±0.05Aa | 0.64±0.05Aa | 0.75±0.03Aa |