Item | Basal diet |
---|---|
Ingredient (%) | |
Corn | 71.00 |
Soybean meal, 43% CP | 23.00 |
Wheat bran | 2.70 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.10 |
Limestone | 0.95 |
L-lysine·HCl, 78% | 0.40 |
Salt | 0.35 |
Vitamins and minerals premix1) | 0.50 |
Analyzed nutrient composition (%) | |
Crude protein | 15.88 |
Ether extract | 2.66 |
Crude fiber | 2.75 |
Calcium | 0.68 |
Total phosphorus | 0.55 |
Lysine | 1.02 |
Methionine+cysteine | 0.57 |
Tryptophan | 0.17 |
Threonine | 0.60 |
GE (MJ/kg) | 16.02 |
ME (MJ/kg)2) | 13.98 |
1) Vitamin-mineral premix supplied the following nutrients per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 5,512 IU; vitamin D3, 2,200 IU; vitamin E, 30 IU; vitamin K3, 2.2 mg; vitamin B12, 27.6 μg; riboflavin, 4 mg; pantothenic acid, 14 mg; niacin, 30 mg; choline chloride, 400 mg; folic acid, 0.7 mg; thiamine, 1.5 mg; pyridoxine, 3 mg; biotin, 44 μg; Mn (MnO), 40 mg; Fe (FeSO4·H2O), 75 mg; Zn (ZnO), 75 mg; Cu (CuSO4·5H2O), 100 mg; I (KI), 0.3 mg; Se (Na2SeO3), 0.3 mg.
2) Metabolizable energy content of the diet was calculated using energy values for the ingredients obtained from NRC [51].
Item | Feeding level (% of ad libitum2)) | SEM | p-value3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Initial BW (kg) | 26.3 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 26.4 | 26.3 | 26.3 | 0.77 | 0.908 | 0.889 |
Final BW (kg) | 33.5 | 37.3 | 40.8 | 46.0 | 46.8 | 49.9 | 0.89 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Growth performance | |||||||||
Feed intake (kg/d) | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 1.31 | 1.51 | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Average daily gain (kg/d) | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.03 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Gain:feed | 0.36 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.025 | 0.107 |
ATTD (%) | |||||||||
DM | 88.5 | 89.1 | 89.6 | 88.6 | 88.6 | 89.6 | 0.5 | 0.720 | 0.973 |
GE | 88.5 | 89.1 | 89.6 | 88.6 | 88.7 | 89.7 | 0.6 | 0.661 | 0.932 |
CP | 86.5 | 86.8 | 87.8 | 86.7 | 86.1 | 88.2 | 1.0 | 0.714 | 0.802 |
Energy value | |||||||||
DE (MJ/kg DM) | 16.11 | 16.20 | 16.30 | 16.13 | 16.14 | 16.31 | 0.11 | 0.661 | 0.932 |
ME (MJ/kg DM) | 15.76 | 15.85 | 15.88 | 15.84 | 15.81 | 16.04 | 0.13 | 0.511 | 0.694 |
ME:DE ratio | 97.87 | 97.86 | 97.47 | 98.23 | 97.96 | 98.32 | 0.28 | 0.413 | 0.368 |
NE4) (MJ/kg DM) | 11.87 | 11.73 | 11.78 | 11.44 | 11.09 | 11.32 | 0.51 | 0.345 | 0.928 |
ATTD, apparent total tract digestibility; SEM, standard error of the mean; BW, body weight; DM, dry matter; GE, gross energy; CP, crude protein; DE, digestible energy; ME, metabolizable energy; NE, net energy.
4) Net energy requirement for maintenance was obtained from Noblet et al [15].
Item | Feeding level (% of ad libitum2)) | SEM | p-value3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Energy balance (kJ/kg BW0.60 d) | |||||||||
ME intake | 1,207 | 1,440 | 1,671 | 1,906 | 2,116 | 2,368 | 12 | <0.001 | 0.909 |
Total heat production | 953 | 1,006 | 1,046 | 1,113 | 1,214 | 1,266 | 42 | 0.001 | 0.545 |
Oxidation of protein | 106 | 112 | 119 | 145 | 139 | 172 | 23 | 0.206 | 0.705 |
Oxidation of carbohydrate | 824 | 876 | 895 | 936 | 1,042 | 1,057 | 49 | 0.023 | 0.713 |
Nitrogen balance (g/d) | |||||||||
Intake | 18.2 | 21.7 | 25.3 | 29.0 | 33.1 | 36.6 | 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.547 |
Fecal excretion | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 0.010 | 0.585 |
Urinary excretion | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 13.2 | 1.6 | 0.109 | 0.505 |
Retention | 8.5 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 15.6 | 18.2 | 19.6 | 1.6 | 0.002 | 0.673 |
Energy retention (kJ/kg BW0.60 d) | |||||||||
REp | 152 | 205 | 249 | 269 | 318 | 332 | 29 | 0.006 | 0.502 |
REf | 116 | 254 | 398 | 534 | 613 | 701 | 51 | <0.001 | 0.290 |
Total | 268 | 459 | 648 | 803 | 932 | 1,033 | 44 | <0.001 | 0.103 |
Respiratory quotient | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 0.006 | 0.135 |
Non-protein respiratory quotient | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.099 |
Item | Feeding level (% of ad libitum2)) | SEM | p-value3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.63 | 5.52 | 4.96 | 5.12 | 5.10 | 5.07 | 0.31 | 0.700 | 0.767 |
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 1.53 | 2.38 | 1.71 | 1.77 | 1.87 | 2.25 | 0.35 | 0.543 | 0.771 |
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 56.42 | 73.21 | 65.39 | 58.73 | 60.75 | 59.18 | 7.83 | 0.917 | 0.340 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.301 | 0.284 |
Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.175 | 0.761 |
β-hydroxybutyric acid (mmol/L) | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.080 | 0.889 |
Leptin (μg/L) | 6.63 | 6.82 | 6.64 | 6.75 | 8.07 | 6.98 | 0.56 | 0.238 | 0.129 |