Items | Group1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
CON | CMS1 | CMS2 | CMS3 | CMS4 | |
Ingredients (%) | |||||
Corn silage | 35.80 | 35.80 | 35.80 | 35.80 | 35.80 |
Alfalfa hay | 8.33 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 8.33 |
Oat hay | 3.83 | 3.83 | 3.83 | 3.83 | 3.83 |
Corn | 16.67 | 16.67 | 16.67 | 16.67 | 16.67 |
Soybean meal | 11.67 | 11.25 | 10.83 | 10.42 | 10.00 |
Beet pulp | 6.36 | 5.95 | 5.53 | 5.11 | 4.70 |
Cottonseed | 4.17 | 4.17 | 4.17 | 4.17 | 4.17 |
DDGS | 6.25 | 6.08 | 5.92 | 5.75 | 5.58 |
Wheat bran | 4.44 | 4.44 | 4.44 | 4.44 | 4.44 |
Limestone | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 |
NaHCO3 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
CMS | 0 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 |
Premix2) | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient levels (%) | |||||
NEL (MJ/kg)3) | 6.93 | 6.93 | 6.93 | 6.92 | 6.92 |
CP | 16.85 | 16.85 | 16.85 | 16.85 | 16.84 |
NFC | 39.75 | 39.98 | 40.20 | 40.42 | 40.65 |
NDF | 34.70 | 34.41 | 34.12 | 33.83 | 33.54 |
ADF | 23.16 | 22.97 | 22.79 | 22.67 | 22.43 |
Ca | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
P | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.42 |
DM, dry matter; CMS, condensed molasses fermentation solubles; DDGS, distillers dried grains with soluble; NEL, net energy for lactation; CP, crude protein; NFC, non-fibrous carbohydrate; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber.
1) CON, control group, no CMS; CMS1, accounted for 1% of the basal diet; CMS2, 2%; CMS3, 3%; CMS4, 4%.
2) The premix provided the following per kg of the diet: vit A 8,000 IU, vit D 1,200 IU, vit E 50 IU, Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg, Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 100 mg, Mn (as manganese sulfate) 40 mg, Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg, I (as potassium iodide) 0.50 mg, Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg, Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.1 mg.
Item | Groups1) | SEM | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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CON | CMS1 | CMS2 | CMS3 | CMS4 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Dry matter intake (kg/d) | 21.09a | 21.42a | 21.76a | 20.74ab | 19.65b | 0.20 | 0.102 | 0.008 |
Milk yield (kg/d) | 36.74a | 36.90a | 37.05a | 35.36b | 32.87c | 0.21 | 0.085 | <0.001 |
Milk protein (%) | 3.15a | 3.25a | 3.28a | 2.89b | 2.92b | 0.08 | 0.797 | 0.001 |
Milk fat (%) | 4.22 | 4.18 | 4.25 | 4.24 | 4.09 | 0.11 | 0.806 | 0.384 |
Lactose (%) | 5.00 | 5.02 | 4.97 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.525 | 0.629 |
Urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 13.83c | 10.46d | 12.59c | 16.77b | 19.33a | 0.18 | 0.007 | 0.013 |
Item | Groups1) | SEM | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
CON | CMS1 | CMS2 | CMS3 | CMS4 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
pH | 6.23a | 6.02ab | 6.27a | 5.86b | 5.91b | 0.05 | 0.040 | 0.157 |
Ammonia N (mg/dL) | 15.45b | 16.80b | 14.27b | 21.34a | 19.67a | 0.41 | 0.027 | 0.161 |
MCP (mg/mL) | 8.60a | 8.41a | 8.73a | 6.05b | 6.27b | 0.25 | 0.003 | 0.038 |
Total VFA (mmol/L) | 104.27 | 106.51 | 107.34 | 106.70 | 105.38 | 1.62 | 0.383 | 0.648 |
Acetate (mmol/L) | 65.72a | 66.19a | 68.69a | 59.30b | 58.37b | 0.70 | 0.036 | <0.001 |
Propionate (mmol/L) | 19.86b | 23.76ab | 20.75b | 26.09a | 27.67a | 0.55 | 0.011 | 0.348 |
Butyrate (mmol/L) | 12.08b | 11.21b | 13.01b | 16.17a | 15.50a | 0.24 | 0.001 | 0.070 |
Acetate-to-propionate ratio | 3.31a | 2.78a | 3.30a | 2.27b | 2.11b | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.033 |
Item | Groups1) | SEM | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
CON | CMS1 | CMS2 | CMS3 | CMS4 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
DM (%) | 74.23a | 72.49a | 75.05a | 66.11b | 62.18b | 1.03 | 0.021 | 0.037 |
OM (%) | 63.76ab | 63.92ab | 65.37a | 58.08b | 60.72b | 1.31 | 0.103 | 0.040 |
CP (%) | 67.85b | 71.27ab | 73.03a | 63.18c | 61.73c | 1.46 | 0.239 | 0.004 |
EE (%) | 71.33 | 68.27 | 70.20 | 68.92 | 68.37 | 1.60 | 0.587 | 0.690 |
NDF (%) | 53.26 | 50.59 | 52.17 | 50.76 | 51.22 | 1.36 | 0.867 | 0.668 |
ADF (%) | 47.33 | 44.54 | 48.66 | 45.29 | 43.08 | 1.65 | 0.118 | 0.243 |
CMS, condensed molasses fermentation solubles; SEM, standard error of the mean; DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber.
Item | Time | Groups1) | SEM | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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CON | CMS1 | CMS2 | CMS3 | CMS4 | Linear | Quadratic | |||
TP (g/L) | d 1 | 75.93 | 71.26 | 74.96 | 73.28 | 71.94 | 1.13 | 0.876 | 0.244 |
d 60 | 73.48 | 72.37 | 71.09 | 70.97 | 72.60 | 1.42 | 0.671 | 0.510 | |
ALB (g/L) | d 1 | 29.13 | 29.32 | 29.14 | 28.49 | 30.02 | 0.35 | 0.501 | 0.486 |
d 60 | 28.37 | 30.22 | 31.02 | 29.08 | 28.34 | 1.02 | 0.707 | 0.411 | |
TC (mmol/L) | d 1 | 6.03 | 6.21 | 6.18 | 5.86 | 6.26 | 0.21 | 0.189 | 0.640 |
d 60 | 5.99 | 6.19 | 6.20 | 6.22 | 6.18 | 0.29 | 0.381 | 0.492 | |
TG (mmol/L) | d 1 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.833 | 0.741 |
d 60 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.857 | 0.839 | |
Urea (mmol/L) | d 1 | 3.30 | 3.57 | 3.40 | 3.29 | 3.38 | 0.06 | 0.501 | 0.633 |
d 60 | 3.41a | 3.39a | 3.43a | 2.86b | 2.75b | 0.03 | 0.037 | 0.019 | |
GLU (mmol/L) | d 1 | 3.56 | 3.61 | 3.52 | 3.62 | 3.59 | 0.03 | 0.930 | 0.711 |
d 60 | 3.62 | 3.57 | 3.66 | 3.71 | 3.82 | 0.08 | 0.215 | 0.336 | |
ALT (U/L) | d 1 | 30.06 | 29.43 | 31.89 | 31.77 | 32.06 | 1.06 | 0.156 | 0.761 |
d 60 | 28.76 | 27.31 | 28.06 | 30.18 | 31.47 | 1.02 | 0.620 | 0.124 | |
AST (U/L) | d 1 | 79.42 | 81.14 | 81.33 | 81.57 | 79.06 | 2.64 | 0.201 | 0.188 |
d 60 | 80.09 | 79.37 | 78.37 | 83.67 | 81.29 | 2.49 | 0.338 | 0.140 |
CMS, condensed molasses fermentation solubles; SEM, standard error of the mean; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; GLU, glucose; ALT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase.