CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
FUNDING
This study was supported by Gansu Province Major Scientific and Technological Special Project (1502NKDA005-3), Gansu Province Grass Industry Technology Innovation Alliance’s S&T project (GCLM2016004), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2021-ct10), the ‘111’ Programme 2.0 (BP0719040). We would like to thank the Central Laboratory of the School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, for providing instruments and equipment.
Item (g/kg, DM basis) | Sweet sorghum silage | Sweet sorghum hay | Alfalfa silage | Grapeseeds |
---|---|---|---|---|
CP | 55.8 | 50.6 | 137.2 | 89.6 |
EE | 17.8 | 17.3 | 24.4 | 22.1 |
Ash | 58.6 | 54.0 | 144.5 | 31.2 |
ADF | 290 | 390 | 404 | 477 |
NDF | 535 | 682 | 520 | 556 |
NFC1) | 333 | 196 | 174 | 381 |
Tannins | - | - | - | 24.2 |
ME2) (MJ/kg) | 18.8 | 18.7 | 19.1 | 28.6 |
Item (g/kg, DM basis) | Experimental diets | |
---|---|---|
|
||
Concentrate without grapeseeds | Concentrate with grapeseeds | |
Ingredients | ||
Corn | 600 | 560 |
Wheat bran | 80.0 | 60.0 |
Soybean meal | 150 | 150 |
Cottonseed meal | 80.0 | 80.0 |
Grapeseed | - | 60.0 |
Stone power | 10.0 | 10.0 |
NaCl | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Commercial premix1) | 60.0 | 60.0 |
Nutrient levels | ||
ME (MJ/kg) | 1.19 | 1.20 |
OM | 91.4 | 91.3 |
CP | 141 | 149 |
EE | 13.6 | 14.8 |
NDF | 269 | 326 |
ADF | 57.6 | 77.0 |
Item | Dietary treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
SS | SSG | SH | SHG | F | G | F×G | ||
Dry matter intake (g/d) | 1,249ab | 1,259a | 1,050b | 1,176ab | 28.46 | 0.003 | 0.121 | 0.394 |
Concentrate dry matter intake (g/d) | 550 | 564 | 521 | 530 | 17.5 | 0.305 | 0.912 | 0.861 |
Live body weight (kg) | 39.0 | 41.3 | 35.8 | 38.2 | 1.128 | 0.123 | 0.262 | 0.970 |
Hot carcass weight (kg) | 19.3 | 20.1 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 0.602 | 0.068 | 0.647 | 0.809 |
Dressing percentage (%) | 49.5 | 48.8 | 49.1 | 46.6 | 0.517 | 0.153 | 0.081 | 0.341 |
Rib eye area (cm2) | 17.2 | 18.6 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 0.785 | 0.329 | 0.629 | 0.631 |
GR tissue depth (mm) | 25.9 | 23.4 | 21.2 | 22.2 | 1.042 | 0.130 | 0.707 | 0.382 |
Backfat thickness (mm) | 8.34 | 7.08 | 6.76 | 6.35 | 0.439 | 0.159 | 0.310 | 0.607 |
Item | Dietary treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
SS | SSG | SH | SHG | F | G | F×G | ||
Water content (%) | 70.8ab | 71.4a | 68.9bc | 67.9c | 0.401 | <0.001 | 0.722 | 0.158 |
Pressing loss (%) | 18.8 | 17.3 | 17.7 | 14.7 | 0.773 | 0.182 | 0.113 | 0.597 |
Drip loss (%) | 1.70 | 2.17 | 1.92 | 2.22 | 0.128 | 0.585 | 0.106 | 0.732 |
Cooking loss (%) | 34.9 | 37.1 | 37.7 | 36.5 | 0.710 | 0.431 | 0.685 | 0.200 |
Lightness (L*) | 29.2 | 30.6 | 30.3 | 29.3 | 0.354 | 0.897 | 0.735 | 0.068 |
Redness (a*) | 6.13 | 6.69 | 6.24 | 7.41 | 0.200 | 0.223 | 0.012 | 0.375 |
Yellowness (b*) | 9.06 | 10.0 | 9.96 | 10.2 | 0.186 | 0.110 | 0.065 | 0.245 |
pH45 min | 6.59A | 6.60A | 6.60A | 6.67A | 0.050 | 0.635 | 0.656 | 0.787 |
pH24 h | 5.45Bb | 5.87Ba | 5.73Bab | 5.48Bab | 0.059 | 0.574 | 0.358 | <0.001 |
pH48 h | 5.61B | 5.55B | 5.55B | 5.83B | 0.066 | 0.375 | 0.363 | 0.169 |
pH72 h | 5.56Bab | 5.71Ba | 5.44Bb | 5.49Bab | 0.037 | 0.004 | 0.096 | 0.414 |
SEM of pH at different times | 0.110 | 0.091 | 0.098 | 0.119 | - | - | - | - |
p-value of pH at different times | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - |
Item | Dietary treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
SS | SSG | SH | SHG | F | G | F×G | ||
NEAA | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 0.233 | 0.519 | 0.613 | 0.218 |
Asp | 1.93 | 2.02 | 2.01 | 1.85 | 0.040 | 0.520 | 0.590 | 0.083 |
Ser | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.017 | 0.777 | 0.985 | 0.559 |
Glu | 3.11 | 3.21 | 3.19 | 2.97 | 0.066 | 0.507 | 0.654 | 0.193 |
Gly | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.019 | 0.807 | 0.414 | 0.133 |
Ala | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.02 | 0.023 | 0.452 | 0.329 | 0.114 |
Tyr | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.015 | 0.690 | 0.600 | 0.980 |
His | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.026 | 0.235 | 0.330 | 0.427 |
Arg | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.14 | 0.029 | 0.474 | 0.920 | 0.263 |
Pro | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.014 | 0.928 | 0.716 | 0.523 |
EAA | 7.20 | 7.44 | 7.42 | 6.73 | 0.135 | 0.296 | 0.339 | 0.045 |
Thr | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.017 | 0.712 | 0.596 | 0.078 |
Val | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.018 | 0.129 | 0.554 | 0.032 |
Met | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.015 | 0.847 | 0.075 | 0.542 |
Ile | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.017 | 0.096 | 0.336 | 0.028 |
Leu | 1.54 | 1.59 | 1.58 | 1.44 | 0.031 | 0.319 | 0.467 | 0.073 |
Phe | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.016 | 0.365 | 0.252 | 0.120 |
Lys | 1.70 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.60 | 0.035 | 0.301 | 0.511 | 0.039 |
TAA | 18.2 | 18.7 | 18.6 | 17.2 | 0.365 | 0.430 | 0.505 | 0.131 |
EAA:TAA ratio | 0.397 | 0.398 | 0.399 | 0.392 | 0.002 | 0.426 | 0.344 | 0.121 |
EAA:NEAA ratio | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.004 | 0.434 | 0.349 | 0.117 |
Item | Dietary treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
SS | SSG | SH | SHG | F | G | F×G | ||
SFA | 581 | 343 | 440 | 664 | 58.2 | 0.371 | 0.943 | 0.022 |
C10:0 | 3.15 | 3.04 | 3.18 | 3.83 | 0.141 | 0.095 | 0.267 | 0.115 |
C12:0 | 2.81 | 2.69 | 2.91 | 3.19 | 0.084 | 0.040 | 0.580 | 0.175 |
C14:0 | 24.3 | 14.6 | 17.9 | 28.6 | 2.49 | 0.381 | 0.900 | 0.017 |
C15:0 | 3.20ab | 2.61b | 3.44ab | 4.58a | 0.259 | 0.006 | 0.496 | 0.033 |
C16:0 | 289 | 176 | 215 | 339 | 29.4 | 0.384 | 0.913 | 0.020 |
C17:0 | 12.7 | 9.03 | 12.9 | 18.6 | 1.35 | 0.025 | 0.641 | 0.031 |
C18:0 | 235 | 124 | 173 | 254 | 24.8 | 0.442 | 0.734 | 0.028 |
C20:0 | 3.03ab | 2.69b | 3.03ab | 3.71a | 0.132 | 0.013 | 0.413 | 0.011 |
C22:0 | 2.82ab | 2.45b | 3.07ab | 3.16a | 0.101 | 0.002 | 0.353 | 0.125 |
C23:0 | 1.90ab | 1.66b | 2.25ab | 2.45a | 0.073 | <0.001 | 0.607 | 0.054 |
C24:0 | 3.29ab | 2.94b | 3.69ab | 3.87a | 0.100 | <0.001 | 0.367 | 0.065 |
UFA | 507 | 307 | 304 | 634 | 56.9 | 0.510 | 0.484 | 0.005 |
MUFA | 447 | 253 | 223 | 523 | 52.8 | 0.790 | 0.550 | 0.005 |
C14:1 | 2.09 | 3.08 | 1.86 | 2.47 | 0.359 | 0.535 | 0.234 | 0.781 |
C16:1 | 12.6 | 8.84 | 8.33 | 14.7 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 0.542 | 0.022 |
C17:1 | 4.90ab | 3.88b | 4.48ab | 7.19a | 0.463 | 0.047 | 0.246 | 0.010 |
C18:1c9 | 427 | 237 | 209 | 498 | 51.4 | 0.802 | 0.563 | 0.005 |
PUFA | 60.6b | 54.6b | 80.1ab | 111a | 7.05 | <0.001 | 0.201 | 0.061 |
C18:2n-6c | 32.4b | 29.0b | 41.4ab | 62.0a | 4.08 | <0.001 | 0.139 | 0.040 |
C18:3n-3 | 3.44 | 3.16 | 3.80 | 5.79 | 0.384 | 0.015 | 0.164 | 0.064 |
C20:2 | 2.60 | 1.75 | 2.87 | 2.86 | 0.213 | 0.056 | 0.240 | 0.246 |
C20:3n-6 | 2.24b | 2.18b | 2.61ab | 3.76a | 0.197 | <0.001 | 0.049 | 0.027 |
C20:4n-6 | 16.4ab | 15.0b | 25.5ab | 31.9a | 2.38 | <0.001 | 0.491 | 0.281 |
C20:5n-3 | 1.80 | 1.73 | 1.87 | 2.83 | 0.104 | 0.024 | 0.090 | 0.047 |
C22:6n-3 | 1.71b | 1.78b | 2.02ab | 2.54a | 0.091 | <0.001 | 0.051 | 0.140 |
n-3 PUFA | 6.95 | 6.67 | 7.70 | 11.2 | 0.631 | 0.007 | 0.104 | 0.055 |
n-6 PUFA | 51.0b | 46.2b | 69.6ab | 97.6a | 6.49 | <0.001 | 0.213 | 0.078 |
n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio | 7.63 | 6.94 | 8.75 | 8.93 | 0.389 | 0.021 | 0.707 | 0.519 |
PUFA:SFA ratio | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.017 | 0.070 | 0.312 | 0.472 |
AI | 0.80 | 0.77 | 1.09 | 0.72 | 0.074 | 0.354 | 0.123 | 0.186 |
TI | 2.05 | 1.84 | 2.62 | 1.79 | 0.174 | 0.391 | 0.090 | 0.315 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; SFA, saturated fatty acids; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; AI, atherogenic index; TI, thrombogenic index.
1) SS, sweet sorghum silage; SSG, sweet sorghum silage+grapeseeds; SH, sweet sorghum hay; SHG, sweet sorghum hay+grapeseeds;