Item | Prepartum | Postpartum |
---|---|---|
Ingredients (% of DM) | ||
Corn silage | 35.6 | 32.8 |
Rhodes grass hay | 6.58 | 6.53 |
Alfalfa haylage | - | 2.73 |
Wheat straw | 21.1 | 2.10 |
Corn grain | 13.0 | 23.3 |
Soybean meal | 10.5 | 12.2 |
Canola meal | 7.02 | 8.70 |
Corn gluten meal 60% | - | 2.81 |
Sugarcane molasses | - | 4.16 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.52 | 0.57 |
Di-calcium phosphate | 0.23 | 0.19 |
Sodium bicarbonate | - | 0.66 |
Magnesium sulfate | 0.38 | - |
Sodium chloride | 0.38 | 0.19 |
Mineral premix1) | 1.14 | 0.86 |
Close-up premix2) | 1.52 | - |
Urea | - | 0.19 |
Bypass fat3) | 0.74 | 1.84 |
Toxin binder (Bentonite) | 0.15 | 0.08 |
Yeast4) | - | 0.03 |
Mintrex5) | - | 0.02 |
Vitamin E premix6) | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Methionine7) | 0.07 | 0.03 |
Analyzed nutrient composition | ||
% DM | 53.7 | 54.2 |
CP (% of DM) | 13.6 | 17.1 |
NDF (% of DM) | 41.4 | 29.1 |
ADF (% of DM) | 26.3 | 16.7 |
NFC (% of DM) | 33.5 | 43.6 |
Ether extract (% of DM) | 3.54 | 4.85 |
Predicted nutritive values8) | ||
MP (g/kg of DM) | 87.3 | 120 |
RUP (% CP) | 30.0 | 41.3 |
RDP (% CP) | 70.0 | 58.7 |
ME (Mcal/kg of DM) | 2.25 | 2.75 |
NEL (Mcal/kg of DM) | 1.45 | 1.77 |
DCAD (mEq/kg) | −100 | 210 |
DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NFC, non-fibrous carbohydrates; MP, metabolizable protein; RUP, rumen undegradable protein; RDP, rumen degradable protein; ME, metabolizable energy; NEL, net energy for lactation; DCAD, dietary cation anion difference.
1) Contained 7.00% Ca, 8.00% P, 1.50% Mg, 2.60% K, 2.60% S, 3.00% Na, 4.70% Cl, 0.50% Fe, 1.70% Zn, 0.16% Cu, 0.18% Mn, 0.004% Se, 0.001% Co, 0.01% I, 600 IU/g of vitamin A, 180 IU/g of vitamin D, and 4.20 IU/g of vitamin E.
4) Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (Amino yeast, Specialty Biotec Co., Ltd., Thailand).
Item | Periparturient treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||||||
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CON | GP | |||||||||||
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PP | MP | PP | MP | G | P | T | G×P | G×T | P×T | G×P×T | ||
Prepartum | ||||||||||||
BHBA (mmol/L) | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.029 | <0.01 | 0.85 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.09 |
FFA (mEq/L) | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.056 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 0.31 | 0.47 |
TG (mg/dL) | 19.4 | 20.2 | 18.9 | 20.4 | 1.39 | 0.89 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.97 | 0.42 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 46.1 | 54.1 | 67.1 | 65.6 | 3.36 | <0.01 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.97 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 11.7 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 11.9 | 0.95 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.59 | 0.17 |
Postpartum | ||||||||||||
wk 1 to 3 | ||||||||||||
BHBA (mmol/L) | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.042 | <0.01 | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.76 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.48 |
FFA (mEq/L) | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.040 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.93 |
TG (mg/dL) | 17.5 | 18.4 | 18.7 | 18.2 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.28 | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.48 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 38.6 | 49.1 | 53.3 | 55.7 | 3.29 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.77 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 12.8 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 1.04 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.23 |
wk 1 to 9 | ||||||||||||
BHBA (mmol/L) | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.044 | <0.01 | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.13 |
FFA (mEq/L) | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.037 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.48 |
TG(mg/dL) | 16.8 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 18.0 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.69 | 0.49 | 0.57 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 42.8 | 49.3 | 51.6 | 53.5 | 2.71 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.40 | <0.01 | 0.24 | 0.66 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 13.4 | 13.7 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 1.212 | 0.99 | 0.58 | <0.01 | 0.76 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.22 |
CON, control; GP, glucose precursor supplementation; PP, primiparous; MP, multiparous; SEM, standard error of the mean; BHBA, β-hydroxybutyrate; FFA, free fatty acids; TG, triglycerides; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
Item | Periparturient treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||||||
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CON | GP | |||||||||||
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PP | MP | PP | MP | G | P | T | G×P | G×T | P×T | G×P×T | ||
wk 1 to 3 | ||||||||||||
Actual milk (kg/d) | 26.8 | 33.6 | 28.6 | 34.8 | 3.09 | 0.59 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.50 |
ECM (kg/d) | 31.1 | 38.0 | 30.2 | 39.5 | 4.09 | 0.94 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.26 |
3.4% PCM (kg/d) | 24.8 | 30.8 | 26.2 | 30.4 | 3.22 | 0.88 | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.74 | 0.28 | 0.98 | 0.40 |
Fat (%) | 4.11 | 4.20 | 3.90 | 4.35 | 0.256 | 0.89 | 0.26 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.92 | 0.42 | 0.13 |
Fat (g/d) | 1,097 | 1,416 | 1,113 | 1,525 | 171.0 | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.12 |
Protein (%) | 2.95 | 3.05 | 2.92 | 2.99 | 0.053 | 0.32 | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.79 | 0.24 | 0.76 | 0.36 |
Protein (g/d) | 795 | 1037 | 849 | 1041 | 128.3 | 0.81 | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.83 | 0.23 | 0.85 | 0.17 |
Lactose (%) | 4.22 | 4.02 | 4.11 | 4.09 | 0.077 | 0.71 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 0.13 |
Lactose (g/d) | 1,143 | 1,366 | 1,181 | 1,433 | 160.6 | 0.72 | 0.15 | <0.01 | 0.92 | 0.51 | 0.85 | 0.11 |
wk 1 to 9 | ||||||||||||
Actual milk (kg/d) | 32.9 | 41.4 | 36.0 | 43.4 | 3.00 | 0.34 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.34 | 0.60 |
ECM (kg/d) | 35.2 | 43.5 | 37.7 | 45.7 | 3.96 | 0.52 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.61 |
3.4% PCM (kg/d) | 28.7 | 35.4 | 32.2 | 37.1 | 2.94 | 0.33 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.73 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.74 |
Fat (%) | 3.73 | 3.80 | 3.50 | 3.71 | 0.205 | 0.38 | 0.43 | <0.01 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.45 |
Fat (g/d) | 1,235 | 1,573 | 1,283 | 1,624 | 196.9 | 0.79 | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.99 | 0.62 | 0.82 | 0.40 |
Protein (%) | 2.85 | 2.88 | 2.84 | 2.85 | 0.048 | 0.61 | 0.62 | <0.01 | 0.76 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.66 |
Protein (g/d) | 951 | 1,198 | 1,039 | 1,254 | 145.1 | 0.58 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.90 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 0.60 |
Lactose (%) | 4.27 | 4.23 | 4.29 | 4.26 | 0.077 | 0.77 | 0.58 | <0.01 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.23 | 0.18 |
Lactose (g/d) | 1,403 | 1,769 | 1,567 | 1,849 | 235.4 | 0.56 | 0.13 | <0.01 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.57 | 0.53 |
Peak milk (kg/d) | 43.3 | 54.6 | 49.0 | 55.7 | 3.51 | 0.25 | <0.01 | - | 0.42 | - | - | - |
63-day cumulative milk yield (kg) | 1,992 | 2,590 | 2,254 | 2,697 | 240.3 | 0.36 | 0.02 | - | 0.69 | - | - | - |
CON, control; GP, glucose precursor supplementation; PP, primiparous; MP, multiparous; SEM, standard error of the mean; Wk, week; ECM, energy corrected milk; PCM, protein corrected milk.
Item | Periparturient treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||
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CON | GP | |||||||
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PP | MP | PP | MP | G | P | G×P | ||
Calf birth weight (kg) | 36.8 | 39.2 | 33.3 | 38.1 | 1.937 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.49 |
Calf daily weight gain (kg) | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.047 | 0.79 | 0.37 | 0.23 |
Colostrum yield | ||||||||
Actual (kg) | 5.33 | 7.75 | 3.67 | 6.56 | 1.419 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.85 |
Energy corrected (kg) | 11.2 | 13.9 | 5.96 | 10.4 | 3.13 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.76 |
3.4% Protein corrected (kg) | 10.7 | 13.0 | 5.50 | 13.1 | 3.58 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.43 |
Fat (%) | 7.16 | 7.65 | 6.24 | 6.20 | 1.131 | 0.27 | 0.83 | 0.79 |
Protein (%) | 5.31 | 5.29 | 4.72 | 6.73 | 0.663 | 0.49 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Lactose (%) | 7.37 | 9.27 | 6.55 | 11.5 | 0.962 | 0.44 | <0.01 | 0.11 |
Colostrum IgG (mg/mL) | 65.4 | 59.7 | 65.5 | 60.9 | 2.819 | 0.79 | 0.04 | 0.82 |
Item | Periparturient treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||||||
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CON | GP | |||||||||||
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PP | MP | PP | MP | G | P | T | G×P | G×T | P×T | G×P×T | ||
Prepartum | ||||||||||||
BCS | 3.30 | 3.40 | 3.25 | 3.38 | 0.050 | 0.51 | 0.02 | - | 0.67 | - | - | - |
BW (kg) | 692 | 741 | 698 | 707 | 39.2 | 0.68 | 0.41 | - | 0.56 | - | - | - |
Postpartum | ||||||||||||
BCS | 2.97 | 3.00 | 2.95 | 3.04 | 0.051 | 0.86 | 0.26 | <0.01 | 0.56 | 0.88 | 0.20 | 0.59 |
BW (kg) | 603 | 642 | 608 | 627 | 35.2 | 0.87 | 0.38 | <0.01 | 0.77 | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.63 |
BCS change | −0.20 | −0.30 | −0.16 | −0.19 | 0.062 | 0.23 | 0.27 | - | 0.53 | - | - | - |
BW change (kg) | −26.6 | −39.2 | −18.2 | −35.3 | 4.56 | 0.14 | <0.01 | - | 0.57 | - | - | - |
BW, body weight; BCS, body condition score; CON, control; GP, glucose precursor supplementation; PP, primiparous; MP, multiparous; SEM, standard error of the mean.
Item | Periparturient treatment1) | SEM | p-value2) | |||||||||
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CON | GP | |||||||||||
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PP | MP | PP | MP | G | P | T | G×P | G×T | P×T | G×P×T | ||
Prepartum | 337 | 428 | 374 | 488 | 28.6 | 0.10 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.67 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.95 |
Calving day | 182 | 266 | 202 | 315 | 18.5 | 0.08 | <0.01 | - | 0.42 | - | - | - |
Postpartum | ||||||||||||
wk 1 to 3 | 378 | 435 | 430 | 471 | 24.8 | 0.07 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.91 |
wk 1 to 9 | 411 | 488 | 444 | 517 | 21.0 | 0.13 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.91 | 0.77 | 0.20 | 0.78 |