Anim Biosci > Volume 29(11); 2016 > Article |
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Ingredients | Lys | Met | M+C1 | Thr | Val | Ile | Trp | Leu | Arg | Phe | Gly+Ser | His |
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Total amino acid composition (%, as is)2 | ||||||||||||
Maize | 0.255 | 0.173 | 0.357 | 0.306 | 0.408 | 0.296 | 0.061 | 1.050 | 0.408 | 0.418 | 0.745 | 0.255 |
Soybean meal | 2.727 | 0.577 | 1.214 | 1.712 | 2.080 | 2.00 | 0.577 | 3.364 | 3.334 | 2.279 | 4.656 | 1.184 |
Rapeseed meal | 1.741 | 0.690 | 1.641 | 1.481 | 1.801 | 1.421 | 0.51 | 2.482 | 2.352 | 1.471 | 3.239 | 1.021 |
De-oiled rice bran | 0.732 | 0.321 | 0.631 | 0.621 | 0.892 | 0.571 | 0.200 | 1.162 | 1.223 | 0.732 | 1.620 | 0.451 |
Meat and bone meal | 2.121 | 0.523 | 0.898 | 1.292 | 1.815 | 1.115 | 0.207 | 2.457 | 3.187 | 1.391 | 8.320 | 0.681 |
Percentage standardized ileal digestibility coefficients3 | ||||||||||||
Maize | 92 | 94 | 90 | 85 | 92 | 95 | 81 | 94 | 93 | 94 | 75/83 | 95 |
Soybean meal | 90 | 91 | 86 | 85 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 93 | 89 | 80/84 | 92 |
Rapeseed meal | 80 | 84 | 80 | 73 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 82 | 87 | 83 | 76/72 | 85 |
De-oiled rice bran | 74 | 77 | 72 | 69 | 75 | 75 | 79 | 73 | 86 | 76 | 70/67 | 82 |
Meat and bone meal | 69 | 72 | 62 | 62 | 70 | 69 | 53 | 71 | 77 | 70 | 69/52 | 71 |
3 Adopted from Hoehler et al. (2006) except for Gly+Ser, which were adopted from Bryden et al. (2009), as apparent digestible coefficients.
Pre-starter phase (1–14 d) | Starter phase (15–28 d) | Finisher phase (29–42 d) | ||||||||||||||||
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TAA formulation (%) | SIDAA formulation (%) | TAA formulation (%) | SIDAA formulation (%) | TAA formulation (%) | SIDAA formulation (%) | |||||||||||||
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DORB level | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
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CP reduction | 0 | −0.75 | −1.5 | 0 | −0.75 | −1.5 | 0 | −0.75 | −1.5 | 0 | −0.75 | −1.5 | 0 | −0.75 | −1.5 | 0 | −0.75 | −1.5 |
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Treatment | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 |
Ingredient (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
Maize | 49.83 | 49.27 | 48.68 | 48.39 | 47.80 | 47.16 | 55.07 | 54.49 | 53.90 | 53.62 | 52.99 | 52.34 | 62.28 | 61.69 | 61.10 | 59.64 | 59.00 | 58.35 |
Soybean meal | 40.93 | 37.93 | 34.93 | 42.11 | 39.11 | 36.11 | 33.85 | 30.85 | 27.85 | 35.07 | 32.07 | 29.07 | 26.00 | 23.00 | 20.00 | 28.21 | 25.21 | 22.21 |
DORB | - | 3.00 | 6.00 | - | 3.00 | 6.00 | - | 3.00 | 6.00 | - | 3.00 | 6.00 | - | 3.00 | 6.00 | - | 3.00 | 6.00 |
Meat and bone meal | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Rice bran oil | 4.39 | 4.72 | 5.06 | 4.68 | 4.99 | 5.28 | 4.14 | 4.46 | 4.77 | 4.44 | 4.74 | 5.03 | 4.20 | 4.51 | 4.81 | 4.73 | 5.01 | 5.30 |
Calcite powder | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.30 | 1.25 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.47 |
L-lysine, 78% | 0.116 | 0.157 | 0.280 | 0.082 | 0.181 | 0.282 | 0.136 | 0.218 | 0.300 | 0.100 | 0.200 | 0.300 | 0.169 | 0.250 | 0.332 | 0.105 | 0.205 | 0.305 |
DL-methionine, 99% | 0.288 | 0.307 | 0.328 | 0.292 | 0.325 | 0.359 | 0.299 | 0.319 | 0.339 | 0.284 | 0.318 | 0.352 | 0.247 | 0.266 | 0.286 | 0.248 | 0.281 | 0.315 |
L-threonine, 98% | 0.040 | 0.076 | 0.112 | 0.037 | 0.083 | 0.131 | 0.079 | 0.115 | 0.151 | 0.049 | 0.096 | 0.143 | 0.074 | 0.109 | 0.145 | 0.046 | 0.093 | 0.141 |
L-valine, 98% | - | 0.036 | 0.076 | - | 0.062 | 0.122 | - | 0.039 | 0.079 | - | 0.062 | 0.122 | - | 0.034 | 0.074 | - | 0.053 | 0.113 |
L-isoleucine, 98% | - | 0.016 | 0.049 | - | 0.024 | 0.071 | - | 0.035 | 0.093 | - | 0.046 | 0.092 | - | 0.058 | 0.116 | |||
L-Tryptophan, 98% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.001 | - | 0.003 | 0.020 |
Potassium carbonate | - | 0.036 | 0.072 | - | 0.035 | 0.073 | - | 0.037 | 0.075 | - | 0.039 | 0.076 | - | 0.036 | 0.072 | - | 0.037 | 0.074 |
Constant components1 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.60 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Calculated nutrient composition (as is) | ||||||||||||||||||
CP (%)2 | 22.85 | 22.10 | 21.33 | 23.28 | 22.54 | 21.92 | 22.12 | 21.41 | 20.46 | 22.50 | 21.90 | 21.09 | 19.69 | 18.96 | 18.23 | 20.40 | 19.65 | 18.92 |
ME (kcal/kg) | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3,100 | 3,100 | 3,100 | 3,100 | 3,100 | 3,100 | 3,200 | 3,200 | 3,200 | 3,200 | 3,200 | 3,200 |
Ca (%) | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
Pav (%) | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
TAA, total amino acid; SIDAA, standardized ileal digestible amino acid; DORB, de-oiled rice bran; CP, crude protein; ME, metabolizable energy.
1 Contained Fe, 9,000 mg; I, 200 mg; Cu, 1,500 mg; Mn, 9,000mg; Zn, 8,000 mg; Se, 30 mg; vit A, 1 mIU; vit. D3, 0.2 mIU; vit. E, 3.0 g; vit. C, 5.0 g; vit. B1, 0.2 g; vit. B2, 1.0 g; vit. B6, 0.3 g; vit. B12, 0.0015; niacin, 3.0 g; calcium-D-pantothenate, 1.5 g; biotin, 0.010 g; folic acid, 0.20 g; vit-K, 0.4 g; Dicalcium phosphate, 2,000g; salt, 400 g herbal liver stimulant, 170 g; semduramicin, 3.0 g; tetracyclin, 3.0 g; toxin binder, 200 g. During starter phase, as above, except Di-calcium phosphate, 750 g. During finisher phase, as in pre-starter phase, except Di-calcium phosphate, 450 g.
* Requirements were calculated according to ideal amino acid ratio (Baker, 1997) except at pre-starter phase, where valine requirement was calculated according to ideal amino acid ratio of Hoehler et al. (2006), The diet amino acid composition was derived based on analyzed ingredient amino acid composition.
** Requirement were calculated according to ideal amino acid ratio (Hoehler et al., 2006) and diet composition was derived by multiplying amino acid composition with SID coefficients of amino acid of each ingredient (Hoehler et al., 2006).
DORB level (%) | Formulation type | Treatment no. | Feed intake (g/bird) | ME (Mcal/bird) | Cumulative nutrient intake (g/bird) | |||||||||
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0–14 d | 15–28 d | 29–42 d | 0–42 d | CP | SID Lys | SID M+C | SID Thr | SID Val | SID Ile | SID Trp | ||||
0 | TAA | T1 | 328.1b | 1,038 | 2,055 | 3,421 | 10.78 | 709.3b | 35.81ab | 26.90abc | 23.59ab | 28.06bc | 24.92bc | 6.40d |
3 | TAA | T2 | 305.5ab | 1,042 | 2,067 | 3,415 | 10.76 | 684.1ab | 35.24ab | 26.35ab | 23.17ab | 27.18ab | 24.11ab | 5.83b |
6 | TAA | T3 | 277.0a | 1,064 | 2,065 | 3,406 | 10.74 | 656.4a | 34.64a | 25.81a | 22.73a | 26.14a | 23.57a | 5.29a |
0 | SIDAA | T4 | 344.8b | 1,068 | 2,076 | 3,489 | 10.99 | 744.1c | 36.56b | 27.75c | 23.94b | 29.53d | 26.36d | 6.82e |
3 | SIDAA | T5 | 324.1b | 1,015 | 2,099 | 3,438 | 10.84 | 707.7b | 35.94ab | 27.30bc | 23.54ab | 28.92cd | 25.53cd | 6.21cd |
6 | SIDAA | T6 | 305.9ab | 1,057 | 2,128 | 3,492 | 11.01 | 692.8b | 36.48b | 27.71c | 23.90b | 29.37cd | 25.87cd | 6.10bc |
SEM | 5.430 | 8.091 | 13.68 | 15.47 | 0.051 | 5.432 | 0.192 | 0.167 | 0.124 | 0.240 | 0.197 | 0.084 | ||
p-value | 0.001 | 0.431 | 0.733 | 0.492 | 0.498 | <0.001 | 0.018 | <0.001 | 0.028 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Factor effects | ||||||||||||||
Effect of formulation type | ||||||||||||||
TAA | 303.5a | 1,048 | 2,062 | 3,414 | 10.76 | 683.3a | 35.23a | 26.35a | 23.16a | 27.13a | 24.20a | 5.84a | ||
SIDAA | 324.9b | 1,047 | 2,101 | 3,473 | 10.94 | 714.9b | 36.33b | 27.59b | 23.79b | 29.27b | 25.92b | 6.38b | ||
p-value | 0.027 | 0.952 | 0.234 | 0.110 | 0.081 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Effect of protein reduction (%) | ||||||||||||||
0.00 | 336.4b | 1,053 | 2,066 | 3,455 | 10.88 | 726.7b | 36.18 | 27.32 | 23.76 | 28.80b | 25.64b | 6.61b | ||
−0.75 | 314.8ab | 1,029 | 2,083 | 3,426 | 10.80 | 695.9a | 35.59 | 26.82 | 23.35 | 28.05ab | 24.82a | 6.02a | ||
−1.50 | 291.5a | 1,061 | 2,097 | 3,449 | 10.87 | 674.6a | 35.56 | 26.76 | 23.31 | 27.75a | 24.72a | 5.69a | ||
p-value | 0.001 | 0.252 | 0.804 | 0.579 | 0.762 | <0.001 | 0.244 | 0.151 | 0.192 | 0.009 | 0.006 | <0.001 | ||
Interaction effect (p value) | 0.733 | 0.356 | 0.650 | 0.720 | 0.725 | 0.672 | 0.306 | 0.185 | 0.234 | 0.023 | 0.231 | <0.009 |
DORB level (%) | Formulation type | Treatments | Body weight gain (g/bird) | Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) | Nitrogen (g/bird/d) | Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | |||||||
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0–14 d | 15–28 d | 29–42 d | 0–42 d | 0–14 d | 15–28 d | 29–42 d | 0–42 d | Excretion | Retention | ||||
0 | TAA | T1 | 275.1bc | 739.6 | 1,052ab | 2,067bc | 1.193ab | 1.466bc | 1.990abc | 1.696bc | 1.747ab | 4.189ab | 10.15ab |
3 | TAA | T2 | 248.2ab | 733.8 | 1,043a | 2,025ab | 1.216c | 1.489cd | 2.011cd | 1.724cd | 1.736ab | 4.051ab | 9.94ab |
6 | TAA | T3 | 225.7a | 719.2 | 1,048a | 1,993a | 1.227c | 1.508d | 2.024d | 1.741d | 1.547a | 3.840a | 9.45a |
0 | SIDAA | T4 | 291.9c | 761.4 | 1,075ab | 2,129c | 1.181a | 1.433a | 1.964a | 1.663a | 1.840b | 4.338b | 10.75b |
3 | SIDAA | T5 | 272.1bc | 733.4 | 1,076ab | 2,081bc | 1.191ab | 1.444ab | 1.979ab | 1.686ab | 1.717ab | 4.491b | 10.62ab |
6 | SIDAA | T6 | 254.1ab | 729.5 | 1,092b | 2,076bc | 1.204bc | 1.461b | 1.995bc | 1.704bc | 1.668ab | 4.485b | 10.24ab |
SEM | 4.990 | 5.177 | 4.668 | 9.300 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.024 | 0.056 | 0.085 | ||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.297 | 0.005 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.036 | ||
Factor effects | |||||||||||||
Effect of formulation type | |||||||||||||
TAA | 249.7a | 730.9 | 1047a | 2,028a | 1.212b | 1.488b | 2.008b | 1.721b | 1.677 | 4.027a | 9.85 | ||
SIDAA | 272.7b | 741.4 | 1081b | 2,095b | 1.192a | 1.446a | 1.979a | 1.684a | 1.742 | 4.438b | 10.54 | ||
p-value | 0.004 | 0.308 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.131 | <0.001 | 0.875 | ||
Effect of protein reduction (%) | |||||||||||||
0.00 | 283.5b | 750.5 | 1,064 | 2,098b | 1.187a | 1.450a | 1.977a | 1.680a | 1.794b | 4.263 | 10.45 | ||
−0.75 | 260.1ab | 733.6 | 1,059 | 2,053ab | 1.204b | 1.466ab | 1.995ab | 1.705b | 1.726ab | 4.271 | 10.28 | ||
−1.50 | 239.9b | 724.4 | 1,070 | 2,034a | 1.216c | 1.484b | 2.009b | 1.723b | 1.608a | 4.163 | 9.85 | ||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.120 | 0.553 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.522 | 0.098 | ||
Interaction effect (p-value) | 0.818 | 0.676 | 0.553 | 0.664 | 0.011 | 0.480 | 0.873 | 0.892 | 0.367 | 0.076 | 0.945 |
DORB level (%) | Formulation type | Treatment no. | Carcass parameter (% of pre-slaughter weight) | ||||
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Carcass yield | Breast yield | Thigh yield | Drumstick yield | Wing yield | |||
0 | TAA | T1 | 71.26ab | 21.81ab | 13.35b | 09.66abc | 7.702abc |
3 | TAA | T2 | 71.32ab | 21.20ab | 12.75ab | 09.12ab | 7.180ab |
6 | TAA | T3 | 70.60a | 20.71a | 12.25a | 08.96a | 7.016a |
0 | SIDAA | T4 | 72.66c | 22.06b | 13.61b | 10.33c | 8.393c |
3 | SIDAA | T5 | 72.54bc | 21.97ab | 13.52b | 10.20bc | 8.264bc |
6 | SIDAA | T6 | 71.88abc | 21.57ab | 13.11ab | 09.84abc | 7.901abc |
SEM | 0.151 | 0.135 | 0.117 | 0.119 | 0.114 | ||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.026 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
Effect of formulation type | |||||||
TAA | 71.06a | 21.24a | 12.78a | 9.247a | 7.299a | ||
SIDAA | 72.36b | 21.87b | 13.41b | 10.12b | 8.186b | ||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Effect of protein reduction (%) | |||||||
0.00 | 71.96b | 21.94b | 13.48b | 9.995 | 8.048 | ||
−0.75 | 71.93ab | 21.59ab | 13.14ab | 9.660 | 7.722 | ||
−1.50 | 71.24a | 21.14a | 12.68a | 9.400 | 7.459 | ||
p-value | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.012 | 0.080 | 0.085 | ||
Interaction effect p-value | 0.957 | 0.576 | 0.460 | 0.745 | 0.755 |