INTRODUCTION
In regularly laying hens, there are three types of ovarian follicles differing in diameter, including slow-growing follicles (1- to 5-mm), prehierarchal follicles (6- to 8-mm diameter) and preovulatory hierarchy follicles (F6 to F1) [
1]. During the process of follicle growth, after the recruitment of primary follicle, only some of prehierarchal follicles, also called small yellow (SY) follicles, will continue developing and finally ovulate. For egg laying, the F1 follicle will ovulate and subsequently one SY follicle with the highest expression of follicle stimulation hormone receptor (
FSHR) will be selected to become hierarchal follicle [
2]. This process is called follicle selection, which is an essential step impacting egg laying performance in chicken.
The SY follicles represent an important developmental stage in chickens, thus attract more attention. By Solexa sequencing, the expression patterns of the five miRNAs were analyzed in different developmental stages in chicken ovaries and in the follicles of various sizes including SY follicles [
3]. Analysis on the transcriptomes of chicken SY follicles differing in
FSHR mRNA expression indicated that Wnt signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the follicles with the greatest fold change in
FSHR expression [
4]. Global gene and protein expression in chicken SY follicles in response to acute heat stress was investigated and 176 genes and 93 distinct proteins with differential expressions were identified, among which the expression of heat shock proteins and peroxiredoxin family were upregulated [
5]. Comparing gene expression between SY follicles in chickens and cattle at different follicular development stages revealed a role of estrogen receptor 2 in regulating cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 expression in the theca cells of chicken SY follicles [
6]. During follicle selection from SY to F6 follicles, both the
m6A methylation peaks and the
m6A modified transcripts increased, which lead to the dynamic expression of many folliculogenesis relevant genes, including genes involved in Wnt signaling pathway [
7]. Transcriptomic and proteomic comparison between chicken SY and F6 follicles revealed a role of very low density lipoprotein receptor in chicken follicle selection [
8].
Some RNA molecules including miRNA [
9] and lncRNA [
10] play key roles in regulating the expression of protein coding genes. For chicken SY follicles differing in
FSHR expression, we hypothesize that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different follicles in the same individual might be regulated by miRNA and lncRNA. Therefore, in this study, by integrated transcriptomic analysis on the expression differences in the level of mRNA, miRNAs and lncRNAs in chicken SY follicles, we identified differentially expressed mRNA genes, miRNA and lncRNA genes. Gene interaction network analysis and subsequent functional
in vitro test revealed that sosondowah ankyrin repeat domain family member A (
SOWAHA) plays inhibitory role in chicken follicle selection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals and sample collections
Jining Bairi hens (a Shandong Indigenous chicken breed distributed mainly in Jining city) 35 to 40 weeks of age with regular laying for at least one month were used in this study. All sampled 60 Jining Bairi hens were killed by cervical dislocation immediately. Then, the ovaries including all sized follicles were carefully obtained from each chicken, prehierarchal follicles and hierarchal follicles were seperately collected to prepare granulosa and theca cells. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Ethics Committee of Shandong Agricultural University reviewed and approved all procedures described in this study (Permit Number: 2,007,005). This study was performed in accordance with the “Guidelines for Experimental Animals” of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
Library construction and sequencing
Total RNA was extracted from all of the SY follicles (6 to 8 mm) using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Wilmington, DE, USA) and treated with DNase (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) to remove potential genomic DNA contamination, following the manufacturer’s instructions. The quantity and purity of the total RNA were evaluated. The RNA was then divided into two aliquots that were used for library construction of either small RNA or RNA. Fragmented RNA (the average length was approximately 200 bp) were subjected to first strand and second strand cDNA synthesis followed by adaptor ligation and enrichment with a low-cycle according to instructions of NEBNextUltra RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA). The purified library products were evaluated using the Agilent 2200 TapeStation and Qubit2.0 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The libraries were paired-end sequenced (PE150, Sequencing reads were 150 bp) at Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China) using IlluminaHiSeq 3000 platform.
Pre-processing of sequencing reads and quantification of gene expression level
Raw fastq sequences were treated with Trimmomatic tools (v 0.36) using the following options: TRAILING:20, MINLEN: 235 and CROP:235, to remove trailing sequences below a phred quality score of 20 and to achieve uniform sequence lengths for downstream clustering processes. Sequencing read quality was inspected using the FastQC software (v 0.11.6). Adapter removal and read trimming were performed using Trimmomatic (v 0.36). Sequencing reads were trimmed from the end (base quality less than Q20) and filtered by length (less than 25). Paired-end reads were aligned to the chicken reference genome GRCg6a with HISAT2. HTSeq v0.6.0 was used to count the reads numbers mapped to each gene. The whole sample expression levels were presented as RPKM (expected number of Reads Per Kilobase of transcript sequence per Million base pairs sequenced).
Gene ontology terms and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential expressed genes
The statistically significant DE genes were obtained by an adjusted p-value threshold of <0.05 and |log2 (fold change)| >1 using the DEGseq software. Hierarchal clustering analysis was performed using the R language package gplots according to the RPKM values of differential genes in different groups, and colors represent different clustering information, such as the similar expression pattern in the same group, including similar functions or participating in the same biological process (BP). All differentially expressed mRNAs were selected for gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. GO was performed with KOBAS software (v 3.0). GO provides label classification of gene function and gene product attributes (
http://www.geneontology.org). GO analysis covers three domains: cellular component (CC), molecular function (MF) and BP. The differentially expressed mRNAs and the enrichment of different pathways were mapped using the KEGG pathways with KOBAS3.0 software (
http://www.genome.jp/kegg).
Co-expression network of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs
To investigate the potential functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs and the interactions between mRNAs and lncRNAs, we constructed lncRNA/mRNA transcripts co-expression network by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value between multiple genes. In this study, the transcripts were filtered using a COR of >0.85 and a p-value of <0.05. Forty-four differentially expressed mRNA transcripts that were enriched in reproduction-related pathways and all differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected to construct a co-expression network that was illustrated using Cytoscape software (v 3.5.1).
Cell culture
Prehierarchal follicles were treated with 0.1% collagenase II (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA) at 37°C for 8 min to disperse follicular granulosa cells and for an additional 30 min to disperse follicular theca cells. Theca cell and granulosa cell layers from each hierarchal follicle were collected and combined within their respective group and then dispersed for culture as previously described [
4]. Hierarchal follicular granulosa cell layers were dispersed by treated with pancreatin (Gibco, Camarillo, CA, USA) for 15 min, while theca cell layers were dispersed with collagenase II for 30 min. The isolated theca and granulosa cells were planted in a 24-well culture plate containing 1 mL of M199 complete medium with high glucose (Gibco, USA) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit-Haemek, Israel).
Overexpression and knockdown assay
The entire coding region of chicken SOWAHA gene was amplified and polymerase PrimeSTAR (TaKaRa, China) was used to ensure high fidelity. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments were generated by double enzyme digestion and ligated with pcDNA3.1(+) expression vectors (Invitrogen, USA) by T4 DNA ligase, which were transformed into DH5α (TransGen Biotcch, Beijing, China) competent cells. After being confirmed by bidirectional sequencing and purified using an EndoFree Plasmid Purification Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), these plasmids were transfected into cells. Empty pcDNA3.1(+) vector was used as the control. For knockdown assay, siRNA was designed according to the chicken SOWAHA mRNA sequence (GenBank accession number XM_015294072). The negative control of the siRNA had the same composition with the siRNA sequence but had no homology with SOWAHA mRNA (Shanghai Gene-Pharma Co., Shanghai, China). The most effective siRNA was used to analyze the knockdown effect of siRNA on chicken SOWAHA gene.
Cell transfection and follicle stimulation hormone treatment
Granulosa cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-SOWAHA overexpression plasmid or siRNA when grown to 80% confluency using NanoFectin Transfection Reagent (Shanghai ExCell Biology, Shanghai, China). As for FSH treatment, the cells were cultured with serum-free M199 medium in the absence or presence of different concentration of FSH (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Twenty-four hours after transfection and FSH treatment, the cells were lysed for RNA extraction.
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
The total RNA was extracted from all of the follicles using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA), and the total RNA from the cultured cells was isolated using a MicroElute Total RNA Kit (Omega, Norcross, GA, USA). The quality of the total RNA samples was tested by gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. The cDNA was synthesized using a Primescript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, China), and the resultant cDNA was stored at −20°C for mRNA expression analysis. Real-Time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted on an MX3000p instrument (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) using the SYBR premix ExTaq (TaKaRa, China). Melting curves were used to confirm the specificity of each product, and the PCR efficiencies were determined by analysis of twofold serial dilutions of cDNA that were designed to detect all the signals in the spanning region. The efficiencies were nearly 100%, and therefore, the 2
–ΔΔCT method for calculating the relative gene expression levels was used [
11], and
β-actin gene was used as the internal control. Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR are shown in
Table 1.
Cell proliferation assay
The proliferation of granulosa cells was detected using an Enhanced Cell Counting Kit-8 Assay Kit (Beyotime, Beijing, China). Approximately 6×103 cells were seeded in every well of a 96-well plate. The cells were transfected with the pcDNA3.1-SOWAHA and empty pcDNA3.1 when the cells reached 60% confluence. At 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after transfection, 100 μL of medium with 10 μL of CCK8 was added to each well, and then the plates were incubated for a further 1 h at 38°C. The absorbance was evaluated using an ELx808 Absorbance Reader at 450 nm.
Statistical analysis
All data are presented as the mean±standard error of the mean. The differences between groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s test using the SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). GO and KEGG analyses were assessed by Fisher’s t-test. For statistical analysis, p<0.05 was considered as significantly different.
DISCUSSION
Systemic transcriptomic analysis on expression differences between chicken SY follicles differing in
FSHR expression is helpful for elucidating mechanisms underlying follicle selection in chicken. By previous study we uncovered the role of
Wnt4 in chicken follicle selection [
4]. In this study, for the first time, we performed an integrated transcriptomic analysis on these SY follicles, identified an interaction network of
SOWAHA,
miRNA-6615-3p,
miRNA-1560-3p,
miRNA-3540, and
lncRNA-210520.2 and examined the effect of
SOWAHA on
Wnt4,
StAR, and
CYP11A1 mRNA expression, as well as on the proliferation of granulosa cells.
SOWAHA, also called ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 43, is conserved in mammalian species including chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, and rat, however, its homology with chicken
SOWAHA is rather lower (33%). Genomic sequencing indicated that, despite 600 million years of independent evolution, Iroquois genes are linked to ankyrin-repeat-containing
SOWAHA genes in nearly all studied bilaterians [
12]. Three studies investigated the role of
SOWAHA in mice and human. In HeLa-derived TZM-bl cells, knockdown of
SOWAHA by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 replication [
13]. During development, the expression of murine
SOWAHA is observed in the postmitotic mantle zone during the specification and patterning of progenitor cells [
14] and it is significantly downregulated by the exposure of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to the canine melanoma cell line [
15]. In this study, we found a dramatic decline of
SOWAHA in hierarchal follicles and POFs than in prehierachical follicles and FSH treatment brought about different effect in granulosa cells of prehierarchal and hierarchal follicles. In SY follicles, the one with the highest
FSHR expression would be stimulated by circulating FSH, causing a decline in
SOWAHA due to the inhibitory role of FSH, and this SY follicle will be selected. In granulosa cells of hierarchal follicles, the effect of FSH on
SOWAHA was not detected except at low concentration (5 ng/mL).
The expression of
StAR and
CYP11A1 is prerequisite for progesterone synthesis in the granulosa cells of chicken follicles, indicating the occurrence of granulosa cell differention, therefore, is the hallmark of follicle selection [
16].
Wnt4 plays an important role in chicken follicle selection by stimulating granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis [
4]. Knockdown and overexpression of
SOWAHA produced a different effect on the expression of
Wnt4,
StAR, and
CYP11A1 in granulosa cells of prehierarchal and hierarchal follicle. In prehierarchal follicles,
SOWAHA significantly stimulated the expression of
Wnt4, but its effect on
CYP11A1 was not significant. In hierarchal follicles, however,
SOWAHA inhibits the expression of
StAR and
CYP11A1. Moreover,
SOWAHA inhibits the proliferation of granulosa cells of both prehierarcha and hierarchal follicles. These results collectively suggest that, during follicle selection, with the increasing expression of
FSHR, the function of
SOWAHA would be inhibited and consequently, the expression of
StAR and
CYP11A1 and granulosa cell proliferation will increase.
SOWAHA plays an inhibitory role in chicken follicle selection by affecting granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation.
Integrated analysis indicated that the expression of
SOWAHA was regulated by three miRNAs, i.e.
miRNA-6615-3p,
miRNA-1560-3p,
miRNA-3540, as well as by one lncRNA (
lncRNA-210520.2) (
Figure 4). The role of
miRNA-6615-3p,
miRNA-1560-3p,
miRNA-3540, and
lncRNA-210520.2 in ovarian follicles was not reported. During follicle selection in chicken, how
SOWAHA is regulated by
miRNA-6615-3p,
miRNA-1560-3p,
miRNA-3540, and
lncRNA-210520.2 needs to be investigated.
In conclusion, in this study, by integrated analysis on chicken SY follicle transcriptomes, we identified SOWAHA as a network gene differentially expressed between SY follicles with marked FSHR expression. Further in vitro analysis indicated that SOWAHA was affected by FSH in granulosa cells of ovarian follicles. SOWAHA affected the expression of genes involved in chicken follicle selection and inhibited the proliferation of granulosa cells, suggesting an inhibitory role in chicken follicle selection.