Anim Biosci > Volume 36(5); 2023 > Article |
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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Xuedong Ding and Jing Wang designed the study; Xuedong Ding collected the literature; Xuedong Ding and Jing Wang analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; Jing Wang, Weiyun Zhu, Ilias Giannenas, and Ioannis Skoufos edited the manuscript. All authors agreed with the final manuscript.
Name | Source and extract method | Major component | Effects in chickens |
---|---|---|---|
Soy isoflavone/Genistein [14] | Soybean isoflavones are a kind of secondary metabolites from the growth of soybean, which can be extracted by an organic solvent. | 100 g of soybean contains 128 mg of isoflavones, and about 102 mg of isoflavones. It mainly includes genistein, daidzein, and glycitein, among which genistein is the isoflavone with the most content in soybean. | Genistein supplementation inhibited fatty acid synthesis, enhanced β-oxidation, and improved the antioxidant capacity in the liver of chickens. |
Quercetin (Rutin) [8] | Quercetin is widely distributed in plants, and can be obtained by ethanol extraction, enzyme or acidic aqueous solution extraction. | Quercetin content is usually less than 10 mg/kg in vegetables, about 40 mg/kg in beans, apples, black vegetables, and broccoli, and more than 100 mg/kg in onions, lettuce, beans, and kale. The quercetin-3-O-rutin (rutin) is one of the main forms, and the onion quercetin-4′-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3,4′-O-glucoside are the most abundant component. | Quercetin supplementation improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity, stability of lipids, and fatty acid composition in breast meat of chickens. |
Alfalfa flavonoids [15,16] | Alfalfa flavonoids are mainly obtained from the stems and leaves of alfalfa by an organic solvent extraction and ultrasonic extraction. | The content of flavonoids in alfalfa leaves is the highest (0.86%), followed by stems (0.40%), and flowers (0.26%), including apigenin, luteolin, rutin, tricin, vestitol, sativanone, laricytrine, larivitrin, kaempferol, quercetin, liquritigenin, genistein, and myricetin. | Alfalfa flavonoids supplementation improved average daily gain and breast percentage, meat quality, and antioxidant activity of chickens. |
Tea polyphenols [17,18] | Tea polyphenols are the general name of polyphenols in tea. The content of tea polyphenols in green tea is high, accounting for 15%~30%.Tea polyphenols are obtained by a solvent extraction method. | Tea polyphenols include flavones, anthocyanidins, flavonols, anthocyanidins, phenolic acids, and condensed phenolic acids, among which flavanones (mainly catechins) are the most important component, accounting for 60% to 80% of tea polyphenols, and the second important one is flavonoids. | Green tea polyphenols supplementation alleviated obesity and serum lipid levels in chickens by suppressing fatty acid synthesis and stimulating lipolysis. |
Grape seeds extract (GSE) [19,20] | GSE is obtained from grape seed by a solvent extraction, a microwave extraction, and an ultrasonic extraction. | Total polyphenol content >40% (including 5% monomer flavan -3- ol and 30% procyanidin). | GSE supplementation improved antioxidant and immunostimulant agent, decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein in chickens. |
Pomegranate by-products (PB) [21] | PB is obtained from pomegranate peel and pomegranate seed by a water extraction, acid-base extraction, a fermentation or a macroporous resin separation. | PB includes polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other phenolic compounds. | PB Supplementation improved meat composition, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability of chicken meat. |
Bamboo leaf extract [22,23] | Bamboo leaf extract is obtained from bamboo leaves by an alcohol extraction. | Bamboo leaf extract includes flavonoids and polyphenols (Flavonoid content in bamboo leaves is 70 mg/g, and polyphenol content in bamboo leaves is 50.42 mg/g). | BLE supplementation improved antioxidant status and cholesterol metabolism, decreased serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content, and abdominal fat deposition of broilers. |
Curcumin [11,24] | Curcumin is a diketone compound obtained from the rhizomes of some plants in zingiberaceae and araceae by a water extraction, and a solvent extraction. | Curcumin | Curcumin supplementation reduced abdominal fat deposition, decreased the hepatic and plasma lipid profile in chickens. |
Hesperidin and naringin [9,25] | Hesperidin is obtained from the peel of mature pericarp and citrus fruits by an acid-base extraction. | Dihydroflavone glycoside | Hesperidin and naringin supplementation beneficially affected fatty acid profiles in the breast meat and fat pad of chickens. |
Lycopene [10,26] | Lycopene is obtained from red, yellow or orange vegetables, and fruits, especially tomatoes and carrots by a biological fermentation and a lipophilic organic solvent extraction. | Carotenoid | Lycopene supplementation alleviated abdominal fat deposition and decreased serum lipids levels of chickens. |
Flavonoids of seabuckthorn fruits (FSBF) [27,28] | Flavonoids of sea buckthorn are obtained by a reflux extraction and an ultrasonic extraction. The content of flavonoids in seabuckthorn fruit is 3.65 μg/g of fruit juice, 3.54 μg/g of flesh, 4.9 μg/g of peel residue, 1.38 μg/g of seeds, and 8.76 μg/g of seabuckthorn leaves. | Flavonoids in seabuckthorn fruit exist in the form of aglycones, and the main types are isorhamnetin (72%), quercetin (21%), and kaempferol (7%). | FSBF supplementation affected growth performance and fat deposition of chickens by regulating lipometabolism. |
Betaine [29,30] | Betaine is obtained from the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of natural plants, beet, lycium barbarum, and leguminosae by a water extraction and an alcohol extraction. Betaine is an intermediate product of animal metabolism. | Betaine | Betaine supplementation reduced abdominal fat deposition of chickens in a dose-dependent manner. |
Name | Effects | Experimental information |
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Quercetin [8,40] | Quercetin reduced the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in breast muscle. | 300 (1-day-old) Hubbard strain male broiler were administered with 100, 200, and 300 mg quercetin per kg of feed for 6 weeks. |
Genistein [39,41] |
Genistein decreased the contents of SFA, total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and n-3 fatty acids in breast muscle, and increased the contents of PUFA, n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, and PUFA/SFA ratio, including the myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), α-linolenic acid (a-18:3), γ-linolenic acid (r-18:3), and docosahexaenoic acid (c22:6) were decreased and linoleic acid (C18:2). Genistein reduced the contents of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in chicken liver. The contents of n-6 PUFA, total MUFA, and PUFA in liver, including myristic acid (C14:0), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6), palmitic acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), and oleic acid were decreased. However, the contents of arachidonic acid (C20:4) and eicosanoic acid (C23:0) were increased. |
360 (1-day-old) mixed-sex Arbor Acre broiler chicks were administered with 5 mg genistein per kg of feed for 6 weeks. |
Hesperidin and naringin [9] |
Hesperidin and naringin decreased the content of oleic acid and increased the contents of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The contents of SFA in breast muscle were decreased (5% to 7%) due to the decrease of caproic acid (C6:0), palmitic acid and stearic acid, and the total PUFA, while the contents of n-6 fatty acids, total PUFA (8% to 10%), and PUFA/SFA ratio were increased due to the increase of linoleic acid. Hesperidin and naringin decreased the content of docosahexaenoic acid in thigh muscle, increased the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA and the contents of total PUFA (increased by 8.5% to 11%), n-6 PUFA (increased by 9% to 10%), and PUFA/SFA ratio in abdominal fat. |
240 (1-day-old) Ross 308 broiler chickens were administered with 0.75 and 1.5 g naringin per kg of feed for 6 weeks. |
Curcumin [42] | Curcumin decreased the contents of SFA, including the lauric acid (C12:0) and stearic acid, and increased the contents of total PUFA and MUFA, including the heptadecanoic acid, heptadecenoic acid (C17:1), behenic acid (C22:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), tetradecanoic acid (C24:1), and linoleic acid in breast muscle. | 225 (1-day-old) male Cobb 500 strain broiler chickens were administered with 50 mg curcumin per kg of feed for 44 days. |
Fermented pomegranate by-products (FPB) [43,44] | FPB increased the contents of MUFA and n-3 PUFA in breast and thigh muscle, and decreased the contents of cholesterol, SFA, and n-6/n-3 PUFA. The contents of stearic acid and SFA in breast muscle were decreased, while the contents of oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were increased. The contents of palmitic acid, stearic acid, SFA, MUFA, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and α-linolenic acid in thigh muscle were increased. | 320 (1-day-old) Ross 308 male broiler chicks were administered with 5, 10, and 20 mg FPB per kg of feed for 6 weeks. |
Flavones of seabuckthorn fruits (FSBF) [28] | FSBF increased the contents of total UFA, MUFA, total PUFA, and the ratio of UFA/SFA in breast and thigh muscle, including the myristic acid (C14:1), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid, eicosenoic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid (C20:2), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosadienoic acid. | 240 (1-day-old) Arbor Acres male broilers were administered with 5, 10, and 15 mg FSBF per kg of feed for 6 weeks. |
Chlorogenic acid-enriched extract (CGAE) [38] | CGAE decreased the contents of stearic acid and SFA in breast muscle and increased the contents of total PUFA and n-6 PUFA, the ratio of PUFA to SFA, including the dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. | 400 (28-day-old) male Ross 308 broilers were administered with 0.5 and 1 g CGAE per kg of feed for 14 days. |
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