Anim Biosci > Volume 36(8); 2023 > Article |
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
FUNDING
The SRP chair (PY) research programs are supported by the Saskatchewan Agriculture Strategic Research Chair Program, the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers (SPG), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC-Individual Discovery Grant and NSERC-CRD Grant), SaskMilk etc. Thanks also to DRPM BRIN, Indonesia, providing financial support to conduct this study under World Class Research (WCR) research scheme 2022.
Item | Fermentation duration (d) | SEM | p-value | Contrast1) | |||||||
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F0 | F7 | F14 | F21 | F28 | F0 vs F | L | Q | C | |||
Basic chemical (% DM) | |||||||||||
DM | 63.66a | 61.80ac | 59.60bc | 60.56bc | 59.29bc | 0.895 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.175 | 0.005 | 0.660 |
NDF | 37.49b | 39.56a | 37.52b | 37.60ab | 38.90ab | 0.436 | 0.019 | 0.092 | 0.539 | 0.728 | 0.003 |
ADF | 28.88b | 30.96a | 28.41b | 29.10ab | 29.15ab | 0.438 | 0.018 | 0.307 | 0.361 | 0.620 | 0.160 |
EE | 1.93ab | 1.71b | 1.99ab | 2.04ab | 2.22a | 0.070 | 0.006 | 0.433 | 0.002 | 0.060 | 0.144 |
Protein profile (% DM) | |||||||||||
CP | 14.00 | 14.83 | 14.56 | 14.04 | 14.63 | 0.197 | 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.457 | 0.340 | 0.005 |
SCP | 7.03b | 8.11a | 6.69b | 6.35b | 6.59b | 0.212 | 0.001 | 0.705 | 0.002 | 0.465 | 0.001 |
SCP (% CP) | 50.19b | 54.71a | 45.95c | 45.17c | 45.06c | 0.88 | <0.001 | 0.031 | <0.001 | 0.710 | <0.001 |
NDICP | 3.60 | 3.61 | 2.95 | 3.14 | 3.54 | 0.169 | 0.058 | 0.151 | 0.285 | 0.027 | 0.128 |
NDICP (% CP) | 20.58 | 18.04 | 18.14 | 20.27 | 21.79 | 0.941 | 0.071 | 0.357 | 0.147 | 0.016 | 0.300 |
ADICP | 1.30b | 1.32b | 1.54a | 1.51a | 1.58a | 0.031 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.305 | 0.344 |
ADICP (%CP) | 9.34bc | 8.92c | 10.60ab | 10.74a | 10.85a | 0.275 | 0.001 | 0.012 | <0.001 | 0.646 | 0.033 |
Item1) | Fermentation duration (d) | SEM | p-value | Contrast2) | |||||||
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F0 | F7 | F14 | F21 | F28 | F0 vs F | L | Q | C | |||
CNCPS protein subfractions (% DM) | |||||||||||
PA2 | 7.03b | 8.11a | 6.69b | 6.35b | 6.59b | 0.212 | 0.001 | 0.705 | 0.002 | 0.465 | 0.001 |
PB1 | 4.08b | 4.04b | 5.22a | 4.84a | 4.84a | 0.148 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.099 |
PB2 | 1.57 | 1.35 | 1.10 | 1.33 | 1.60 | 0.140 | 0.155 | 0.182 | 0.919 | 0.019 | 0.897 |
PC | 1.30b | 1.32b | 1.54a | 1.51a | 1.58a | 0.031 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.305 | 0.344 |
Rumen degradable protein (% DM) | |||||||||||
RDPA2 | 5.02b | 5.79a | 4.78b | 4.53b | 4.71b | 0.151 | 0.001 | 0.705 | 0.002 | 0.465 | 0.001 |
RDPB1 | 1.63b | 1.61b | 2.09a | 1.93a | 1.93a | 0.059 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.099 |
RDPB2 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.046 | 0.155 | 0.182 | 0.920 | 0.019 | 0.897 |
Total RDP | 7.18b | 7.86a | 7.24ab | 6.92b | 7.18b | 0.143 | 0.010 | 0.470 | 0.065 | 0.345 | 0.001 |
Rumen undegradable protein (% DM) | |||||||||||
RUPA2 | 2.00b | 2.31a | 1.91b | 1.81b | 1.88b | 0.060 | 0.001 | 0.704 | 0.002 | 0.466 | 0.001 |
RUPB1 | 2.45b | 2.42b | 3.13a | 2.90a | 2.90a | 0.089 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.099 |
RUPB2 | 1.04 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.093 | 0.155 | 0.182 | 0.919 | 0.019 | 0.897 |
RUPC | 1.30b | 1.32b | 1.54a | 1.51a | 1.58a | 0.031 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.305 | 0.344 |
Total RUP | 6.81d | 6.96cd | 7.32ab | 7.12bc | 7.45a | 0.060 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.382 | 0.134 |
Intestinal digestibility (% DM) | |||||||||||
IDPA2 | 2.00b | 2.31a | 1.91b | 1.81b | 1.88b | 0.060 | 0.001 | 0.704 | 0.002 | 0.466 | 0.001 |
IDPB1 | 2.45b | 2.42b | 3.13a | 2.90a | 2.90a | 0.089 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.099 |
IDPB2 | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.075 | 0.155 | 0.182 | 0.920 | 0.019 | 0.897 |
IDFP | 5.30b | 5.46ab | 5.63a | 5.43ab | 5.64a | 0.067 | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.298 | 0.086 |
CNCPS, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System; SEM, standard error of the mean; DM, dry matter.
1) PA2, soluble true protein; PB1, insoluble true protein; PB2, fiber-bound protein; PC, indigestible protein; RD: predicted rumen degradable soluble true protein (RDPA2); insoluble true protein (RDPB1); fiber-bound protein (RDPB2); RU: predicted rumen undegradable soluble true protein (RDPA2); insoluble true protein (RUPB1); fiber-bound protein (RUPB2); indigestible protein (RUPC); RDP, predicted rumen degradable protein; RUP, predicted rumen undegradable protein; ID: intestinal digestion of the protein subfractions PA2: soluble true protein (IDPA2); PB1: insoluble true protein (IDPB1); PB2: fibre-bound protein (IDPB2) partitioned and feed protein (IDFP).
Item | Fermentation duration (d) | SEM | p-value | Contrast1) | |||||||
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F0 | F7 | F14 | F21 | F28 | C vs F | L | Q | C | |||
Protein amide sructure spectral profile | |||||||||||
Amide I area | 19.52 | 20.17 | 21.07 | 22.04 | 21.69 | 0.625 | 0.09 | 0.76 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.30 |
Amide II area | 2.33 | 2.84 | 2.74 | 2.66 | 2.63 | 0.185 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.22 |
Amide I height | 0.225 | 0.230 | 0.241 | 0.25 | 0.245 | 0.006 | 0.093 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.144 | 0.257 |
Amide II height | 0.079 | 0.095 | 0.094 | 0.070 | 0.082 | 0.010 | 0.418 | 0.291 | 0.856 | 0.665 | 0.071 |
Protein secondary structure | |||||||||||
α-Helix height | 0.152 | 0.158 | 0.166 | 0.175 | 0.169 | 0.006 | 0.162 | 0.669 | 0.044 | 0.180 | 0.379 |
β-Sheet height | 0.193 | 0.202 | 0.208 | 0.223 | 0.213 | 0.006 | 0.080 | 0.99 | 0.040 | 0.083 | 0.222 |
Ratios of protein molecular structural spectral intensity | |||||||||||
Amide I:II area | 8.46 | 7.12 | 7.85 | 8.29 | 8.36 | 0.592 | 0.510 | 0.765 | 0.983 | 0.824 | 0.145 |
Amide I:II height | 3.02 | 2.46 | 2.66 | 3.54 | 3.01 | 0.319 | 0.238 | 0.355 | 0.726 | 0.587 | 0.033 |
α-Helix:β-sheet | 0.786 | 0.785 | 0.801 | 0.783 | 0.791 | 0.009 | 0.635 | 0.170 | 0.349 | 0.481 | 0.519 |
Variable | AIA | AIIA | AIH | AIIH | αH | βH | AAratio | AHratio | αβratio |
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Protein chemical profile (% DM) | |||||||||
CP | −0.057 | 0.20 | −0.032 | 0.25 | −0.05 | −0.042 | −0.25 | −0.31 | 0.075 |
SCP | −0.69* | 0.033 | −0.66* | 0.19 | −0.67* | −0.69* | −0.31 | −0.39 | −0.27 |
SCP (% CP) | −0.69* | −0.030 | −0.64* | 0.12 | −0.67* | −0.67* | −0.24 | −0.33 | −0.36 |
NDICP | −0.48 | −0.030 | −0.51 | 0.11 | −0.48 | −0.50 | −0.069 | −0.24 | −0.19 |
NDICP (% CP) | 0.014 | −0.18 | −0.054 | −0.18 | −0.046 | −0.036 | 0.24 | 0.18 | −0.092 |
ADICP | 0.22 | −0.071 | 0.20 | 0.039 | 0.17 | 0.16 | −0.017 | −0.086 | −0.007 |
ADICP (% CP) | 0.56* | −0.14 | 0.51* | −0.096 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.054 |
CNCPS subfractions (% DM) | |||||||||
PA2 | −0.60* | 0.037 | −0.57* | 0.13 | −0.57* | −0.60* | −0.28 | −0.33 | −0.12 |
PB1 | 0.53* | 0.20 | 0.52* | 0.15 | 0.53* | 0.52* | −0.028 | 0.021 | 0.39 |
PB2 | −0.32 | −0.032 | −0.37 | 0.057 | −0.33 | −0.33 | 0.039 | −0.12 | −0.11 |
PC | 0.55* | −0.22 | 0.48 | −0.11 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.23 |
Rumen degradable protein (% DM) | |||||||||
RDPA2 | −0.60* | 0.038 | −0.57* | 0.13 | −0.57* | −0.61* | −0.28 | −0.33 | −0.12 |
RDPB1 | 0.53* | 0.20 | 0.52* | 0.15 | 0.53* | 0.52* | −0.029 | 0.021 | 0.39 |
RDPB2 | −0.32 | −0.032 | −0.37 | 0.057 | −0.33 | −0.33 | 0.039 | −0.12 | −0.11 |
Total RDP | −0.48 | 0.13 | −0.46 | 0.24 | −0.45 | −0.50 | −0.28 | −0.38 | 0.03 |
Rumen undegradable protein (% DM) | |||||||||
RUPA2 | −0.60* | 0.038 | −0.57* | 0.13 | −0.57* | −0.61* | −0.28 | −0.33 | −0.12 |
RUPB1 | 0.53* | 0.20 | 0.52* | 0.15 | 0.53* | 0.52* | −0.029 | 0.021 | 0.39 |
RUPB2 | −0.32 | −0.032 | −0.37 | 0.057 | −0.33 | −0.33 | 0.039 | −0.12 | −0.11 |
RUPC | 0.55* | −0.22 | 0.48 | −0.11 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.23 |
Total RUP | 0.40 | 0.071 | 0.37 | 0.082 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.082 | 0.011 | 0.37 |
Intestinal digestibility (% DM) | |||||||||
IDPA2 | −0.60* | 0.038 | −0.57* | 0.13 | −0.57* | −0.61* | −0.28 | −0.33 | −0.12 |
IDPB1 | 0.53* | 0.20 | 0.52* | 0.15 | 0.53* | 0.52* | −0.029 | 0.021 | 0.39 |
IDPB2 | −0.33 | −0.032 | −0.37 | 0.057 | −0.33 | −0.33 | 0.039 | −0.12 | −0.11 |
IDFP | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.29 | −0.088 | −0.18 | 0.37 |
AIA, amide I area; AIIA, amide II area; AIH, amide I height; AIIH, amide II height; Ah, α-helix height; βH, β-sheet height; AAratio, ratio of amide I area to amide II area; AHratio, ratio of amide I height to amide II height; αβratio, ratio of α-helix height to β-sheet height; CP, crude protein; SCP, soluble crude protein; NDICP, neutral detergent insoluble CP; ADICP, acid detergent insoluble CP; PA2, soluble true protein; PB1, insoluble true protein; PB2, fiber-bound protein; PC, indigestible protein; RD: predicted rumen degradable soluble true protein (RDPA2); insoluble true protein (RDPB1); fiber-bound protein (RDPB2); RU: predicted rumen undegradable soluble true protein (RDPA2); insoluble true protein (RUPB1); fiber-bound protein (RUPB2); indigestible protein (RUPC); RDP, predicted rumen degradable protein; RUP, predicted rumen undegradable protein; ID: intestinal digestion of the protein subfractions PA2: soluble true protein (IDPA2); PB1: insoluble true protein (IDPB1); PB2: fibre-bound protein (IDPB2) partitioned and feed protein (IDFP).
RMSE, root mean square error; CP, crude protein; SCP, soluble crude protein; NDICP, neutral detergent insoluble CP; ADICP, acid detergent insoluble CP; PA2, soluble true protein; PB1, insoluble true protein; PB2, fiber-bound protein; PC, indigestible protein; RD: predicted rumen degradable soluble true protein (RDPA2); insoluble true protein (RDPB1); fiber-bound protein (RDPB2); RU: predicted rumen undegradable soluble true protein (RDPA2); insoluble true protein (RUPB1); fiber-bound protein (RUPB2); indigestible protein (RUPC); RDP, predicted rumen degradable protein; RUP, predicted rumen undegradable protein; ID: intestinal digestion of the protein subfractions PA2: soluble true protein (IDPA2); PB1: insoluble true protein (IDPB1); PB2: fibre-bound protein (IDPB2) partitioned and feed protein (IDFP); AIA, amide I area; AIIA, amide II area; AIH, amide I height; AIIH, amide II height; Ah, α-helix height; βh, β-sheet height; AAratio, ratio of amide I area to amide II area; AHratio, ratio of amide I height to amide II height; αβratio, ratio of α-helix height to β-sheet height.