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Effects of stocking density on the homeostasis of uric acid and related liver and kidney functions in ducks |
Peiyi Lin1,2 
, Sui Liufu1,2
, Jinhui Wang1,2
, Zhanpeng Hou1,2
, Yu Liang1,2
, Haiyue Wang1,2
, Bingxin Li1,2
, Nan Cao1,2
, Wenjun Liu1,2
, Yunmao Huang1,2
, Yunbo Tian1,2
, Danning Xu1,2
, Xiujin Li1,2
, Xinliang Fu1,2,*
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1College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
2Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China |
Correspondence:
Xinliang Fu, Tel: +86-13432015181, Fax: +86-020-89002081, Email: fuxinliang@zhku.edu.cn
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Received: 13 September 2023 • Revised: 26 October 2023 • Accepted: 7 December 2023 |
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| Abstract |
Objective
Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined.
Methods
A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m2), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m2) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m2). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis.
Results
The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group.
Conclusion
These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks. |
| Keywords:
Hyperuricemia; Inflammatory Lesions; Stocking Density; Uric Acid |
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