Serological and epidemiological investigation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovines in Pakistan

¹Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
²Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
³Department of Pathobiology (Microbiology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
⁴Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
⁵Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
⁶Baqai College of Veterinary Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan

Correspondence: Aziz Ur Rehman, Tel: +92-333-8380918, Fax: +92-(047) 7671260, Email: aziz.rehman@uvas.edu.pk

Received: 19 December 2023 • Revised: 18 January 2024 • Accepted: 10 March 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes at twelve public dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan.
Methods
A total of 2181 more than two-year-old animals (1242 cattle and 939 buffaloes) were tested by avian tuberculin, i.e., killed purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and indirect ELISA. Blood and fecal samples were collected from tuberculin positive animals. These samples were further processed by indirect ELISA. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis and logistic analysis procedures.
Results
The prevalence of paratuberculosis at public dairy farms was 3.8%, as determined by tuberculin + ELISA test. It varied from 0.71-13.5% with a 100% herd prevalence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that species, milk production, total animals, total small ruminants, and total buffaloes were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. Odd ratio analysis revealed that with a one-kilogram increase in body weight, there will be a 0.006% increase in disease occurrence. With the increase in one animal in small ruminants and buffaloes, there will be 0.008% and 0.42% greater chances of developing paratuberculosis, respectively. Bivariate logistic regression analysis of cattle and buffaloes revealed that farm number, age, and total number of cattle were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. A one-month increase in lactation length increases the chance of tuberculosis by 0.004%; similarly, a one-liter increase in milk production increases the chance of disease by 10%. With each additional buffalo in the herd, there will be a 0.007% greater chance for the occurrence of paratuberculosis.
Conclusion
This study concluded that tuberculin testing can be used in conjunction with ELISA to screen animals for paratuberculosis in countries with scarce resources, such as Pakistan. The efficacy of disease diagnosis can be improved by combining multiple tests.

Keywords: Bovine Paratuberculosis; Tuberculin test; ELISA; PCR