Abdelgadir IEO, Morrill JL, Higgins JJ. 1996. Effect of roasted soybeans and corn on performance and ruminal and blood metabolites of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 79:465–474.
Adam CL, Findlay PA, Kyle CE, Young P, Mercer JG. 1997. Effect of chronic food restriction on pulsatile leutinizing hormone secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in castrate male sheep. J Endocrinol 152:329–337.
Alton GG, Jones LM, Pietz DE. 1975. Laboratory Techniques in Brucellosis. 2nd ednWHO Monograph Series 55World Health Organization; Geneva:
AOAC. 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th ednAssociation of Official Analytical Chemists; Arlington, Virginia: 4.1–4.17.
Atti N, Bocquier F. 1999. Adaptive capacity of Barbary ewes to underfeeding and re-feeding periods: effects on adipose tissues. Annales de Zootechnie 48:189–198.
Barnett YA, Barnett CR. 1998. DNA damage and mutation: contributors to the age related alteration in T cell mediated immune responses. Mech Ageing Dev 102:165–175.
Ben Salem H, Smith T. 2008. Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments. Small Rumin Res 77:174–194.
Boulanouar B, Ahmed M, Klopfenstein T, Brink D, Kinder J. 1995. Dietary protein or energy restriction influences age and weight at puberty in ewe lambs. Anim Reprod Sci 40:229–238.
Boyum A. 1968. Separation of leucocytes from blood and bone marrow. Scand J Clin. Lab. Invest 21:Suppl. 9731–89.
Chandramoni SB Jadhao, Tiwari CM, Khan MY. 1999. Carbon and nitrogen balance studies in Muzaffarnagari sheep fed diets varying in roughage and concentrate ratio. Small Rumin Res 31:221–227.
Chowdhury SA, Ørskov ER, MacLeod NA. 1990. Protein utilization during energy under nutrition in steers. Proc Nutr Soc 49:208A
Clancy RM, Amin AR, Abramson SB. 1998. The role of nitric oxide in inflammation and immunity. Arthritis Rheum 41:1141–1151.
Coop RL, Kyriazakis I. 1999. Nutrition-parasite interaction. Vet Parasitol 84:187–204.
Devendra C, Sevilla CC. 2002. Availability and use of feed resources in crop-animal systems in Asia. Agric Syst 71:59–73.
Doreau M, Michalet-Doreau B, Grimaud P, Atti N, Nozière P. 2003. Consequences of underfeeding on digestion and absorption in sheep. Small Rumin Res 49:289–301.
Ekpe ED, Christopherson RJ. 2000. Metabolic and endocrine responses to cold and feed restriction in ruminants. Can J Anim Sci 80:87–95.
Farrell DJ, Leng RA, Corbett JL. 1972. Undernutrition in grazing sheep. 1. Changes in the composition of the body, blood and rumen contents. Aust J Agric Res 23:483–497.
Fell LR, Shutt DA, Bentley J. 1985. Development of a salivary cortisol method for detecting changes in plasma “free” cortisol arising from acute stress in sheep. Aust Vet J 62:403–406.
Fiske RA, Adams LG. 1985. Immune responsiveness and lymphoreticular morphology in cattle fed hypo and hyper alimentative diets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 8:225–244.
Gaal T, Mezes M, Miskucza O, Ribiczey-Szabo P. 1993. Effect of fasting on blood lipid peroxidation parameters of sheep. Res Vet Sci 55:104–107.
Galyean ML, Perino LJ, Duff GC. 1999. Interaction of cattle heath/immunity and nutrition. J Anim Sci. 77:p. 1120–1134.
Giraldez FJ, Frutos P, Lavin P, Mantecon AR. 1999. Body composition changes and energy retention in milk-fed lambs undergoing energy restriction. Small Rumin Res 31:127–133.
Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tanenbaum SR. 1982. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 126:131–138.
Griebel PJ, Schoondeswoerd M, Babink LA. 1987. Ontogeny of the immune response: effect of protein energy malnutrition in neonatal calves. Can J Vet Res 51:428–435.
Gropp J, Birzer D. 1989. Nutritionally not microbially induced immunosuppression. Ubersich Tierernahr 17:85–97.
Hibbitt KG. 1988. Effect of protein on the health of dairy cows. Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition. 2:Haresign W, Cole DJA, editorsButterworths; London, UK: p. 184–186.
Houdijk JGM, Jessop NS, Kyriazakis I. 2001. Nutrient partitioning between reproductive and immune functions in animals. Proc Nutr Soc 60:515–525.
Hovell FD DeB, Ørskov ER, MacLeod NA, McDonald I. 1983. The effect of change in amount of energy infused as volatile fatty acids on the nitrogen retention and creatinine excretion of lambs absolutely nourished by intragastric infusion. Br J Nutr 50:331–343.
Hyun Y, Ellis M, Curtis SE, Johnson RW. 2005. Environmental temperature, space allowance, and regrouping: Additive effects of multiple concurrent stressors in growing pigs. J Swine Health Prod 13:131–138.
Ivey DS, Owens FN, Sahlu T, Teh TH, Dawson LJ, Campbell GA, Goetsch AL. 2000. Influences of the number of foetuses and lambs of CP and ME in gestation and lactation supplements on performance of Spanish does and kids during suckling and post-weaning. Small Rumin Res 35:123–132.
Jacobi U, Kirst E, Krenkel K. 1997. Correlations between somatic cell counts of milk and the feeding regime for lactating cattle. DMZ Lebensmittelindustrie und Milchwirtschaft 118:1077–1084.
Jain MC. 1986. Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 4th ednLea and Febiger; Philadelphia:
Jordanovski N. 1993. Effect of dietary energy level on growth performance of early weaned lambs fattened to 84 days old. Krmiva 35:173–178.
Kearl LC. 1982. Nutrient requirements of ruminants in developing countries. International Feedstuff Institute, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Utah State University; Logon, Utah, USA:
Kiyma Z, Alexander BM, Van Kirk EA, Murdoch WJ, Hallford DM, Moss GE. 2004. Effects of feed restriction on reproductive and metabolic hormones in ewes. J Anim Sci 82:2548–2557.
Kohn RA, Dinneen MM, Russek-Cohen E. 2005. Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, and rats. J Anim Sci 83:879–889.
Lacetera N, Franci O, Scalia D, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Nardone A. 2002. Effects of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate on functions of mononuclear cells obtained from ewes. Am J Vet Res 63:414–418.
Latshaw JD. 1991. Nutrition - mechanisms of immnosuppression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 30:111–120.
Lochmiller RL, Deerenberg C. 2000. Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88:87–98.
MAFF. 1984. Energy allowances and feeding system of ruminants. Reference Book No. 433. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office; London, UK:
Mahgoub O, Lu CD, Early RJ. 2000. Effects of dietary energy density on feed intake, body weight gain and carcass chemical composition of Omani growing lambs. Small Rumin Res 37:35–42.
Meissner HH, Koster HH, Nieuwoudt SH, Coertze RJ. 1991. Effect of energy supplementation on intake and digestion of early and mid-season ryegrass and Panicum / Smuts finger hay, and on in sacco disappearance of various forage species. South Afr J Anim Sci 21:33–42.
Moyes KM, Drackley JK, Salak-Johnson JL, Morin DE, Hope JC, Loor JJ. 2009. Dietary-induced negative energy balance has minimal effects on innate immunity during a Streptococcus uberis mastitis challenge in dairy cows during mid lactation. J Dairy Sci 92:4301–4316.
Oetzel GR, Berger LL, Hoffman WE, Parrett DF, Parker AJ. 1988. Assessment of protein and energy status of ewes. Nutr Repts Intl 37:1245–1254.
Ofay JM, Rosenguist BD. 1988. Combined effects of fasting and diet on with a vaccine strain of infectious bovine rhinotrachitis virus. Am J Vet Res 49:1311–1315.
Olson DP, Bull RC. 1986. Antibody responses in protein energy restricted beef cows and their cold stressed progeny. Can J Vet Res 50:410–417.
Ørskov ER, MacLeod NA, Fahmy STM, Istasse L, Hovell FD De B. 1983. Investigation of nitrogen balance in dairy cows and steers nourished by intragastric infusion. Effect of sub-maintenance energy input with or without protein. Br J Nutr 50:99–107.
Pattanaik AK, Khan SA, Goswami TK. 2007. Influence of iodine on nutritional, metabolic and immunological response of goats fed Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal diet. J Agric Sci Camb 145:395–405.
Richterich R. 1969. Clinical chemistry theory and practice. S. Karger, Basel; Switzerland: p. 336–337.
Roach TIA, Barton CH, Chatterjee D, Liew FY, Blackwell JM. 1995. Opposing effects of interferon-γ on iNOS and interleukin-10 expression in lipopolysaccharide- and mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan- stimulated macrophages. Immunol 85:106–113.
Rodríguez AB, Bodas R, Prieto N, Landa R, Mantecón AR, Giráldez FJ. 2008. Effect of sex and feeding system on feed intake, growth, and meat and carcass characteristics of fattening Assaf lambs. Livest Sci 116:118–125.
Sahoo A, Pattanaik AK, Goswami TK. 2009. Immuno-biochemical status of sheep exposed to periods of experimental protein deficit and re-alimentation. J Anim Sci 87:2664–2673.
Santra A, Karim SA. 1999. Effect of protein levels in creep mixture on nutrient utilization and growth performance of pre-weaner lambs. Small Rumin Res 33:131–136.
Scalia D, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Demeyere K, Duchateau L, Burvenich C. 2006.
In vitro effects of nonesterified fatty acids on bovine neutrophils oxidative burst and viability. J Dairy Sci 89:147–154.
Schalm OW, Jain NC, Carol EJ. 1975. Veterinary Haematology. 3rd ednLea and Febiger; Philadelphia, USA: p. 807
Schrick FN, Spitzer JC, Jenkins TC, Henricks DM, Althen TG. 1990. Effect of dietary energy restriction on metabolic and endocrine responses during the estrus cycle of the suckled beef cow. J Anim Sci 68:3313–3321.
Schroeder GF, Titgemeyer EC. 2008. Interaction between protein and energy supply on protein utilization in growing cattle: A review. Livest Sci 114:1–10.
Singh K, Habib G, Siddiqui MM, Ibrahim MNM. 1997. Dynamics of feed resources in mixed farming systems of South Asia. Crop Residues in Sustainable Mixed Crop-Livestock Farming System. Renold C, editorp. 113CAB International; Wallingford, UK:
Singh VK, Pattanaik AK, Sharma K, Saini M. 2011. Effect of dietary energy intake on erythrocytic antioxidant defense in growing lambs fed a wheat straw-based diet. Anim Prod Sci 51:642–649.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. 1989. Statistical Methods. 9th ednThe Iowa State University Press; Ames, Iowa:
Sticker LS, Thompson DL, Fernandez JM, Bunting LD, DePew CL. 1995. Dietary protein and(or) energy restriction in mares: plasma growth hormone, IGF-I, prolactin, cortisol, and thyroid hormone responses to feeding, glucose, and epinephrine. J Anim Sci 73:1424–1432.
Suriyasathaporn W, Daemen AJJM, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, Dieleman SJ, Nielen M, Schukken YH. 1999. β-hydroxybutyrate levels in peripheral blood and ketone bodies supplemented in culture media affect the
in vitro chemotaxis of bovine leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 68:177–186.
Trevisi E, Bertoni G. 2009. Some physiological and biochemical methods for acute and chronic stress evaluation in dairy cows. Italian J Anim Sci 8:265–286.
Tunn S, Mollmann H, Barth J, Derendorf H, Krieg M. 1992. Simultaneous measurement of cortisol in serum and saliva after different form of cortisol administration. Clin Chem 38:1491–1494.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 74:3583–3597.
Waters WR, Palmer MV, Sacco RE, Whipple DL. 2002. Nitric oxide production as an indication of Mycobacterium bovis infection in white-tailed deer (
Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildlife Dis 38:338–343.
Whitehair CK. 1958. Nutritional deficiencies. Diseases of Swine. Dunne HW, editorIowa State University Press; Ames, IA, USA: p. 627–648.
Woodward LF, Eckblad WP, Olson DP, Bull RC, Everson DO. 1980. Effects of maternal protein-energy malnutrition on lymphoblastogenic responses of bovine neonates subjected to cold stress. Am J Vet Res 41:561–563.
Wynn PC, Reis PJ, Fleck E, Ward W, Tunks DA, Munro SG. 1988. The influence of protein and energy supply on ovine metabolic hormone status. Proc Nutr Soc Aust 13:125
Yurtman IY, Savas T, Karaagac F, Coskuntuna L. 2002. Effects of daily protein intake levels on the oral stereotypic behaviours in energy restricted lambs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 77:77–88.